Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buang ka Matla a Makenete
Matla a makenete ke e 'ngoe ea matla a mane a motheo fisiks 'me e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa liketsahalong tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho le theknoloji ea sejoale-joale. Ho utloisisa mohopolo ona ho hloka kutloisiso e tebileng ea makenete, masimo a makenete, melao ea electromagnetism, le ts'ebeliso ea eona e sebetsang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Sehlooho sena se tla tšohla mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata a amanang le matla a makenete, hammoho le lipuisano tse qaqileng ho thusa babali ho utloisisa mohopolo hamolemo.
Ho Utloisisa Matla a Khoheli
Pele o buisana ka bothata bona, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa metheo ea matla a makenete. Matla a makenete ke matla a hlahisoang ke matla a makenete 'me a sebetsa holim'a likaroloana tse tsamaeang ka motlakase kapa lintho tsa makenete. Matla a makenete ka booona ke sebaka seo matla a makenete a ka utluoang ho sona. Motho a ka utloa matla a makenete ha makenete a mabeli a kopanngoa hammoho kapa ha ntho e chariloeng ka motlakase e beoa tšimong ea makenete.
Matla a makenete a bontšoa ke mela ea matla a makenete e hlahang palong e ka leboea ebe e kena palong e ka boroa. Ho feta moo, lipalo tsa makenete tse haufi tse nang le lipalo tse fapaneng lia hohelana, ha lipalo tse tšoanang le tsona li ntse li hohelana.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1: Tšimo ea makenete e potolohileng terata e otlolohileng
Terata e telele e otlolohileng e na le motlakase oa 5 A. Fumana boholo ba matla a makenete bo hole ba 0,2 m ho tloha terata.
Puisano:
Ho fumana boholo ba matla a makenete a potileng terata e otlolohileng e jereng motlakase, re ka sebelisa molao oa Biot-Savart, empa tabeng ena ho bonolo ho sebelisa molao oa Ampere:
Matla a makenete \( B \) a potolohileng terata e telele e otlolohileng a ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[ B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r} \]
Moo:
– \( \mu_0 \) ke ho kenella ha vacuum (\( 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \, T \cdot m/A \))
– \( I \) ke matla a hona joale (A)
– \( r \) ke sebaka se pakeng tsa terata (m)
Ka boleng bo fanoeng:
– \( Ke = 5 \, A \)
– \( r = 0,2 \, m \)
Kenya boleng bona sebakeng sa foromo:
\[
B = \frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 5}{2\pi \times 0,2}
\]
Nolofatsa:
\[
B = \frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 5}{2\pi \times 0,2} \motsu o nepahetseng
B = \frac{4 \times 5 \times 10^{-7}}{2 \times 0,2} \rightarrow
B = \frac{20 \times 10^{-7}}{0,4} = 5 \times 10^{-6} \, T \] kapa \(5 \, \mu T\) (microtesla).
Potso ea 2: Matla a Lorentz holim'a Likaroloana tse Chesitsoeng
Phatsa e chajileng hantle \(q = 1 \, \mu C\) (microCoulomb) e tsamayang ka lebelo \(v = 2 \times 10^4 \, m/s\) e kena tshimong ya makenete e tshwanang ka tlhahiso ya makenete \(B = 0,5 \, T\) e otlolohileng ho ya ka tsela ya lebelo la phatsa. Bala matla a makenete a fumanwang ke phatsa.
Puisano:
Matla a makenete (matla a Lorentz) a fumanoang ke karoloana e tjhajisitsoeng a ka balwa ho sebediswa foromo:
\[ F = q \cdot v \cdot B \cdot \sin(\theta) \]
Moo:
– \( q \) ke tjhaja ya motlakase (C)
– \( v \) ke lebelo la dikarolwana (m/s)
– \( B \) ke matla a makenete (T)
– \( \theta \) ke sekhutlo se pakeng tsa lebelo le tataiso ea matla a makenete
Tabeng ena, matla a makenete a otlolohile ho latela lebelo la karoloana, e le hore
\(\theta = 90^\circ\) le \(\sin(90^\circ) = 1\).
E fanoe:
– \( q = 1 \, \mu C = 1 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \, C \)
– \( v = 2 \makgetlo a 10^4 \, m/s \)
– \( B = 0,5 \, T \)
Kenya boleng bona sebakeng sa foromo:
\[
F = 1 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \cdot 2 \makgetlo a 10^4 \cdot 0,5 \cdot 1 \]
Nolofatsa:
\[
F = 1 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \makgetlo a 10^4 \makgetlo a 1 = 10^{-6} \makgetlo a 0,5 = 10^{-6} \makgetlo a 0,5 = 1 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \, N
\]
Potso ea 3: Tšimo ea makenete e bohareng ba terata e potolohang
Antenna e chitja (sekotjana) e nang le radius ea 10 cm e fanoa ka motlakase oa 3 A. Boholo ba matla a makenete bohareng ba selikalikoe ke bofe?
Puisano:
Matla a makenete a bohareng ba selika sa terata e tsamaisang motlakase a ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[
B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2r}
\]
Moo:
– \( \mu_0 \) ke ho kenella ha vacuum (\( 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \, T \cdot m/A \))
– \( I \) ke matla a hona joale (3 A)
– \( r \) ke radius (10 cm = 0,1 m)
Kenya boleng bona sebakeng sa foromo:
\[
B = \frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 3}{2 \times 0,1}
\]
Nolofatsa:
\[
B = \frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 3}{0,2} = \frac{12\pi \times 10^{-7}}{0,2} = 60 \times 10^{-7} \, T \]
\[ B = 6 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \, T \] kapa \(6 \, \mu T\) (microtesla).
Qetello
Ho utloisisa matla a makenete ho bohlokoa ho fisiks le ts'ebeliso ea ona mahlaleng a fapaneng a sejoale-joale. Ka mehlala e tšohliloeng kaholimo, re ka bona kamoo likhopolo tsa motheo tse kang masimo a makenete, molao oa Ampère le matla a Lorentz li sebelisoang kateng maemong a sebele. Ho itloaetsa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ho rarolla mathata a kang ana ho tla thusa haholo ho tebisa kutloisiso ea hau le ho ntlafatsa tsebo ea hau ea fisiks ea makenete.
Sengoloa sena se lebelletsoe ho fana ka setšoantšo se hlakileng sa hore na matla a makenete a sebetsa joang le hore na re ka sekaseka mathata a amanang le mohopolo ona ka botebo le ka botlalo joang.
