Mehlala ea Lipotso tse Buisanang ka Liphoso tsa Boima le Matla a Tlamang
Fisiks ea nyutlelie, likhopolo tsa sekoli sa boima le matla a ho tlama li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho utloisiseng botsitso ba nuclei ea athomo. Sekoli sa boima se bolela phapang pakeng tsa boima ba 'nete ba nuclei ea athomo le boima bohle ba liprothone le li-neutron tsa eona. Tlhaloso ena e thehiloe kutloisisong ea hore boima bo bong boa lahleha nakong ea ho thehoa ha nuclei, e ntan'o fetoloa matla a ho tlama ho latela molao-motheo oa ho lekana ha matla a boima o entsoeng ke Albert Einstein ho equation ea hae e tummeng, \(E=mc^2\).
Matla a ho tlama ke bongata ba matla a hlokahalang ho arola nucleus ka liprothone le li-neutron tse arohaneng. Ha matla a ho tlama a le maholo ka nucleon, nucleus e tsitsitse haholoanyane. Se latelang ke puisano ea mehlala ea mathata a amanang le bofokoli ba bongata le matla a ho tlama ho tebisa kutloisiso ea rona ea mohopolo ona.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1: Ho Bala Liphoso tsa Boima
Potso:
Seithuti se kopuoa ho bala sekoli sa boima ba nucleus ea athomo ea Helium-4 (\(^4_2He\)), e nang le liprothone tse 2 le li-neutron tse 2. Hoa tsebahala hore boima ba prothone ke 1.007825 u, boima ba neutron ke 1.008665 u, 'me boima ba nucleus ea athomo ea Helium-4 ke 4.002603 u. Bala sekoli sa boima ba nucleus.
Puisano:
1. Fumana Boima Bohle ba Liprotone le Li-Neutron:
Palo ea liprothone = 2, palo ea li-neutron = 2
Boima bohle ba liprothone = 2 × 1.007825 u = 2.015650 u
Boima bohle ba li-neutron = 2 × 1.008665 u = 2.017330 u
Kahoo, boima bohle ba liprothone le li-neutron ke:
\[
\text{Boima bohle} = 2.015650 \, \text{u} + 2.017330 \, \text{u} = 4.032980 \, \text{u}
\]
2. Ho Bala Bofokodi ba Boima:
\[
\text{Bofokodi ba Bongata} (\Delta m) = \text{Boima bohle} – \text{Boima ba Nyutlelie}
\]
\[
\Delta m = 4.032980 \, \text{u} – 4.002603 \, \text{u} = 0.030377 \, \text{u}
\]
Sekoli sa boima ba nucleus ea Helium-4 ke 0.030377 u.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2: Ho Bala Matla a Tlamang
Potso:
U sebelisa sekoli sa boima bo tsoang bothateng ba mohlala oa pele, bala matla a ho tlama a khubu ea Helium-4. (Ha ho fanoe ka: 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c²)
Puisano:
1. Ho Fetola Bofokodi ba Boima ho ba Matla:
Matla a tlamang (\(E\)) a balwa ho sebediswa equation \(E = \Delta m \times c^2\). Mona, \(c^2\) diyuniting tse sebediswang haholo tsa MeV/u ke 931.5 MeV/u.
\[
E = 0.030377 \, \text{u} \times 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u}
\]
\[
E = 28.299 \, \text{MeV}
\]
Matla a ho tlama a khubu ea Helium-4 ke 28.299 MeV.
2. Ho Bala Matla a Tlamang ka Nucleon ka 'ngoe:
Helium-4 e na le kakaretso ea li-nucleon tse 4 (liprothone tse 2 le li-neutron tse 2). Ho fumana matla a ho tlama ka nucleon ka 'ngoe, re arola matla a ho tlama ka palo ea li-nucleon:
\[
\text{Eneji e tlamang ka nucleon} = \frac{28.299 \, \text{MeV}}{4} = 7.075 \, \text{MeV/nucleon}
\]
Mehopolo e Tsoetseng Pele
Ho utloisisa matla a ho tlama ka nucleon ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fumana botsitso ba nyutlelie; ha boleng bona bo phahame, nucleus e tsitsitse haholoanyane. Nuclei e nang le matla a ho tlama ka nucleon e atisa ho hanela haholoanyane liketso tse kang ho arohana kapa ho kopana.
Mohlala Potso ea 3: Papiso ea Matla a Tlamang
Potso:
Bapisa matla a tlamang ka nucleon bakeng sa li-nuclei tse peli tse latelang tsa athomo: Deuterium (\(^2_1H\)) le boima ba nyutlelie ba 2.014102 u le Helium-4 ho tsoa mohlaleng o fetileng, 'me u bale phapang. Boima ba proton ke 1.007825 u 'me boima ba neutron ke 1.008665 u.
Puisano:
1. Deuterium (\(^2_1H\)):
– Boima bohle ba liprotheine le li-neutron:
Boima bohle = 1 × 1.007825 u + 1 × 1.008665 u = 2.016490 u
- Sekoli sa Deuterium Mass:
\[
\Delta m = 2.016490 \, \text{u} – 2.014102 \, \text{u} = 0.002388 \, \text{u}
\]
– Matla a Tlamang a Deuterium:
\[
E = 0.002388 \, \text{u} \times 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u} = 2.223 \, \text{MeV}
\]
– Matla a Tlamang ka Nucleon ea Deuterium:
Hobane Deuterium e na le di-nucleon tse 2 (proton e le 1 le neutron e le 1),
\[
\frac{2.223 \, \text{MeV}}{2} = 1.1115 \, \text{MeV/nucleon}
\]
2. Papiso le Qeto:
Matla a tlamang ka nucleon ka 'ngoe ea Helium-4: 7.075 MeV/nucleon
Matla a tlamang ka nucleon ea Deuterium: 1.1115 MeV/nucleon
Phapang:
\[
7.075 \, \text{MeV/nucleon} – 1.1115 \, \text{MeV/nucleon} = 5.9635 \, \text{MeV/nucleon}
\]
Ho tsoa papisong ena, re ka bona hore Helium-4 e tsitsitse haholo ho feta Deuterium, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ke matla a eona a ho tlama a phahameng haholo ka nucleon.
Qetello
Ho utloisisa sekoli sa bongata le matla a tlamang ho bohlokoa fisiks ea nyutlelie 'me ho fana ka temohisiso mabapi le botsitso ba nyutlelie. Ka ho bala matla a tlamang, re ka bolela esale pele ts'ebetso le botsitso ba li-isotope tse itseng. Mehopolo ena ha se ea motheo feela fisiks ea khopolo-taba empa hape e na le lits'ebetso tse sebetsang, ho kenyeletsoa le tlhahiso ea matla a nyutlelie le lipatlisiso tsa linaleli. Ka ho sebelisa mathata a kang a kaholimo, bokhoni ba rona ba ho utloisisa le ho sebelisa mehopolo ena e rarahaneng bo tla ntlafala.
