Mehlala ea Lipotso le Puisano ea Tšusumetso ea Mollo oa Hydrocarbon
Ho chesoa ha li-hydrocarbon ke ntho e tloaelehileng bophelong ba rona ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Li-hydrocarbon, tse nang le metsoako e nang le liathomo tsa carbon le hydrogen, ke mafura a mantlha a sebelisoang makaleng a fapaneng, joalo ka lipalangoang, indasteri le malapa. Leha ho chesoa ha li-hydrocarbon ho fana ka matla a mangata le a sebetsang hantle, ts'ebetso ena e boetse e na le litlamorao tse 'maloa tikolohong le bophelong ba batho. Sengoloa sena se tla tšohla mehlala le ho tšohla litlamorao tsa ho chesoa ha li-hydrocarbon ka botlalo.
Tlhaloso ea Li-hydrocarbon
Ho ya ka dikhemikhale, di-hydrocarbon ke metswako ya tlhaho e bopilweng feela ka diathomo tsa haeterojene le khabone. Mehlala e tlwaelehileng ya di-hydrocarbon ke methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), le butane (C₄H₁₀). Di-hydrocarbon di boetse di kenyelletsa peterole le di-derivatives tsa yona, tse kang peterole, diesel le kgase ya tlhaho. Ho tuka ha di-hydrocarbon ha ho na le oksijene e lekaneng ho hlahisa matla, khabone dioxide (CO₂), le mouwane wa metsi (H₂O).
Mokhoa oa ho Chesa Khabone ea Hydrocarbon
Ka kakaretso, equation ea karabelo bakeng sa ho chesoa ha hydrocarbon e ka ngoloa ka tsela e latelang:
CₓHᵧ + (x + \(\frac{y}{4}\)) O₂ → x CO₂ + \(\frac{y}{2}\) H₂O
Mohlala oa methane:
CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O
Tšusumetso ea ho Chesoa ha Hydrocarbon
1. Mesi e Tsoang Khase e Chesang Sepakapaka
Ho cha ha hydrocarbon ho hlahisa carbon dioxide (CO₂), e leng khase e kholo ea mocheso o futhumatsang lefatše. Khase ena e kenya letsoho phellong ea mocheso o futhumatsang lefatše, e tšoara mocheso sepakapakeng 'me e baka ho futhumala ha lefatše. Ho futhumala ha lefatše ho lebisa phetohong ea tlelaemete, e amang mekhoa e feteletseng ea boemo ba leholimo, ho qhibiliha ha leqhoa le litlhōrōng tsa leoatle le ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle.
2. Tšilafalo ea Moea
Ntle le CO₂, ho cha ha di-hydrocarbon ho boetse ho ntsha ditshila tse ding tse kang sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), le fine particulate matter (PM). Ditshila tsena di baka mathata a fapaneng a bophelo bo botle a kang asma, bronchitis le lefu la pelo, hammoho le ho ba le tshusumetso e mpe tikolohong.
3. Pula ea Asiti
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) le di-oxide tsa naetrojene (NOₓ) tse hlahiswang ke ho tjheswa ha di-hydrocarbon di ka arabela le mouwane wa metsi sepakapakeng, tsa etsa sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) le nitric acid (HNO₃). Pula e nang le di-acid tsena e tsejwa e le pula ya asiti, e ka senyang dijalo, meaho le meaho ya metsi.
4. Sebopeho sa Ozone ea Tropospheric (O₃)
Li-oxide tsa naetrojene le metsoako e feto-fetohang ea lintho tse phelang (VOCs) tse hlahisoang ke ho chesoa ha li-hydrocarbon li ka arabela le khanya ea letsatsi ho etsa ozone ea tropospheric. Leha ozone ea stratospheric e re sireletsa mahlaseling a kotsi a ultraviolet, ozone ea tropospheric ke tšilafalo e ka bakang mathata a ho hema le ho senya lijalo.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Mehlala e meng ea lipotso le lipuisano tse hlalosang tšusumetso ea ho chesoa ha hydrocarbon ka botebo ke ena:
Potso ea 1:
Hoa tsebahala hore ho cha ka botlalo ha li-mole tse 2 tsa propane (C₃H₈) ho hlahisa carbon dioxide le metsi. Ke li-mole tse kae tsa CO₂ le H₂O tse hlahisoang ke ho cha hona? Bontša mehato ea ho e rarolla.
Puisano:
Tekanyo ea karabelo bakeng sa ho chesoa ha propane ke:
C₃H₈ + 5 O₂ → 3 CO₂ + 4 H₂O
Ho latela equation ea karabelo e kaholimo, rea tseba hore mole e le 'ngoe ea propane (C₃H₈) e hlahisa limole tse 3 tsa CO₂ le limole tse 4 tsa H₂O. Kahoo, haeba re chesa limole tse 2 tsa propane:
– Limolek'hule tsa CO₂ tse hlahisitsoeng = 2 mol C₃H₈ × 3 mol CO₂/mol C₃H₈ = 6 mol CO₂
– Limolek'hule tsa H₂O tse hlahisitsoeng = 2 mol C₃H₈ × 4 mol H₂O/mol C₃H₈ = 8 mol H₂O
Kahoo, ho cha ha li-moles tse 2 tsa propane ho hlahisa li-moles tse 6 tsa CO₂ le li-moles tse 8 tsa H₂O.
Potso ea 2:
Haeba ho tsebahala hore ho cha ha litara e le 1 ea peterole (mohlala, octane, C₈H₁₈) ho lokolla 2,3 kg ea CO₂, ke bophahamo bofe ba khase ea CO₂ bo hlahisoang tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng (0°C le 1 atm), ha re nahana hore boima ba CO₂ ke 1,98 kg/m³?
Tharollo:
Taba ea pele, re bala hore na CO₂ e hlahisoa hakae haeba litara e le 1 ea peterole e hlahisa 2,3 kg ea CO₂:
Boima ba CO₂ bo hlahisitsoeng = 2,3 kg
Botenya ba CO₂ = 1,98 kg/m³
Bophahamo ba CO₂ = Boima ba CO₂ / Botenya ba CO₂
\[ \text{Volume} \, CO2 = \frac{2.3 \, kg}{1.98 \, kg/m³} = 1.16 \, m³ \]
Leha ho le jwalo, re hloka ho fetolela diyuniti ho dilitara bakeng sa bophahamo ba modumo:
1 m³ = lilithara tse 1000
Kahoo, bophahamo ba CO₂ ka lilithara ke:
\[ 1.16 \, m³ \makgetlo a 1000 \, litara/m³ = 1160 \, litara \]
Kahoo, litara e le 1 ea peterole e hlahisa lilithara tse ka bang 1160 tsa CO₂ tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng.
Potso ea 3:
Karolo ea NOₓ ke efe ho thehoeng ha ozone ea tropospheric? Hlalosa mokhoa.
Puisano:
Li-oxide tsa naetrojene (NOₓ) ke litšila tse ka sehloohong tse bakoang ke ho chesoa ha hydrocarbon. Likarolo tsa tsona tse ka sehloohong ke nitrogen monoxide (NO) le nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). Mokhoa oa ho thehoa ha ozone ea tropospheric o etsoa ka karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e kenyeletsang NOₓ le metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e feto-fetohang (VOCs), ka tsela e latelang:
1. NO₂ → NO + O (khanyang ea letsatsi)
2. O + O₂ → O₃ (ozone)
Karabelo ena e bontša kamoo NO₂ e arohanang kateng ho ba NO le liathomo tsa oksijene (O) ka thuso ea khanya ea letsatsi. Liathomo tsa oksijene ebe li arabela le limolek'hule tsa oksijene (O₂) ho theha ozone (O₃). Ozone ena, e fumanehang troposphere, ke tšilafalo e kotsi bophelong ba batho le ba limela.
Potso ea 4:
Hlalosa kamoo ho cha ha di-hydrocarbon ho ka bakang pula ya asiti le hore na ho ama tikoloho jwang?
Puisano:
Ho cha ha dihydrocarbon tse nang le sebabole ho hlahisa sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Ebe khase ea SO₂ e arabela le oksijene le metsi sepakapakeng ho etsa sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄):
\[ 2 SO₂ + O₂ → 2 SO₃ \]
\[ SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄ \]
Ho phaella moo, ho tuka ho boetse ho hlahisa naetrojene oxide (NOₓ) e ka arabelang le metsi ho etsa nitric acid (HNO₃):
\[ 2 NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₃ \]
Pula e nang le di-acid tsa sulfuric le nitric e tsejwa e le pula ya asiti. Ditlamorao tsa yona tikolohong di kenyeletsa:
– Limela: Pula e nang le asiti e ka senya makhasi, ea sitisa kholo, 'me ea baka lefu la limela.
– Metsi: E theola pH ea metsi, e baka maemo a asiti a bolaeang lintho tse phelang metsing.
– Meaho: E senya thepa ea kaho, haholo-holo e entsoeng ka lejoe la mokoetla kapa 'mabole.
Ka ho hlahloba mehlala ea mathata le mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale e kaholimo, re fumana setšoantšo se hlakileng haholoanyane sa litlamorao tsa tikoloho le bophelo bo botle tsa ho chesoa ha hydrocarbon. Kutloisiso ena ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fumana mekhoa e meng e mosa haholoanyane tikolohong le ho kenya tšebetsong mekhoa ea ho chesoa e hloekileng.
