Lipotso tsa Mehlala mabapi le Puisano ea Leseli le Bonahalang
Pendahuluan
Leseli le bonahalang ke karolo ea sekala sa motlakase se bonahalang mahlong a motho. Lehlakore la bolelele ba maqhubu a leseli le bonahalang ke li-nanometer tse ka bang 380 ho isa ho tse 740. Leseli lena le na le mebala e fapaneng e ka aroloang ka ho refraction kapa diffraction. Ketsahalo ena e atisa ho ithutoa fisiks, haholo-holo khaolong e buang ka optics.
Leseli ke mofuta oa matla o hlokahalang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le sehlooho sa bohlokoa mathateng a fapaneng a fisiks. Sehloohong sena, re tla buisana ka mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata le mokhoa oa ho a rarolla a amanang le leseli le bonahalang.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1: Sekhahla sa Leseli le Lesoeu
Prism ea khalase e sebelisoa ho arola mahlaseli a leseli le lesoeu ka mebala ea likarolo tsa lona. Ngola mefuta e fapaneng ea mebala e bakoang ke ho refraction ea leseli le lesoeu ka har'a prism, ho tloha bolelele ba leqhubu le lekhutšoanyane ho isa ho le lelelele ka ho fetisisa.
Puisano:
Leseli le lesoeu le entsoe ka mebala e fapaneng e nang le maqhubu a fapaneng. Ha leseli le lesoeu le feta ka har'a prism, karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea 'mala e kobeha ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng ho latela bolelele ba eona. Tatellano ea mebala ho tloha boleleleng bo bokhutšoanyane ho ea ho bo bolelele ka ho fetisisa ke:
1. Pherese
2. Putsoa
3. Botala
4. Bosehla
5. Lamunu
6. Bofubelu
Pherese e na le bolelele ba leqhubu bo bokgutshwane ka ho fetisisa (~380 nm) mme e khelohile haholo, ha bofubedu bo na le bolelele ba leqhubu bo bolelele ka ho fetisisa (~700 nm) mme e khelohile hanyane.
Potso ea 2: Index ea Refractive
Leseli le le leng le nang le bolelele ba leqhubu ba 600 nm le ka har'a metsi a nang le index ea refractive ea \(n\). Leseli le kena ka har'a metsi a bobeli, e leng khalase e nang le index ea refractive ea 1,5. Bala angle ea refraction haeba angle ea incidence ka metsing e le likhato tse 30. Index ea refractive ea metsi ke 1,33.
Puisano:
Sebelisa molao oa Snell, o reng:
\[ n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2 \]
E fanoe:
– Letšoao la metsi le refractive, \( n_1 = 1,33 \)
– Letšoao la khalase le shebang khanya, \( n_2 = 1,5 \)
– Sekhutlo sa ho hlaha ha metsi, \( \theta_1 = 30^\circ \)
Kahoo:
\[ 1,33 \ sebe 30^\circ = 1,5 \ sebe \theta_2 \]
Kaha \(\sin 30^\circ = 0,5\), nka sebaka sa equation:
\[ 1,33 \makgetlo a 0,5 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ 0,665 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = \frac{0,665}{1,5} \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = 0,4433 \]
Fumana sekhutlo sa refraction \( \theta_2 \):
\[ \theta_2 = \sin^{-1}(0,4433) \hoo e ka bang 26,4^\circ \]
Kahoo, sekhutlo sa refraction khalaseng \(\theta_2 \) ke hoo e ka bang likhato tse 26,4.
Potso ea 3: Tšitiso ea Leseli
Maqephe a mabeli a moqotetsane a bapileng, a arotsoeng ke sebaka \(d = 0,1\) mm, a bonesoa ke khanya ea leseli le le leng le nang le bolelele ba leqhubu ba \(\lambda = 500\) nm. Lehlasedi la khanya le hlahisa mokhoa oa ho sitisa skrineng se bohōle ba limithara tse 2 ho tloha maqepheng. Bala sebaka se pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tse khanyang tse latellanang skrineng.
Puisano:
Sebelisa equation bakeng sa sebaka se pakeng tsa meqhaka e 'meli e khanyang e latellanang ka mokhoa oa tšitiso ea mekhahlelo e 'meli:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{\lambda L}{d} \]
E fanoe:
– Bolelele ba maqhubu a lesedi, \( \lambda = 500 \makgetlo a 10^{-9} \) dimithara
– Sebaka ho tloha sekgeong ho ya skrineng, \( L = 2 \) dimithara
– Sebaka se pakeng tsa dikgeo tse pedi, \( d = 0,1 \makgetlo a 10^{-3} \) dimithara
Kenya mekhoa ena sebakeng sa eona:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{500 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 2 \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9}}{10^{-4}} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-5 + 4} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-1} \]
\[ \Delta y = 0,01 \mongolo{m} \]
Kahoo, sebaka se pakeng tsa mehala e 'meli e khanyang e latellanang skrineng ke limithara tse 0,01 kapa 1 cm.
Potso ea 4: Phapang ea Leseli
Leseli le nang le bolelele ba leqhubu ba \( \lambda = 600 \) nm le feta ka hara lesoba le le leng le nang le bophara ba \(a = 0,02 \) mm. Paterone ea diffraction e hlahang e nkuoa skrineng se bohōle ba limithara tse 3 ho tloha lesobeng. Bala bophara ba lebanta la pele le lefifi ho tloha bohareng ba paterone ea diffraction.
Puisano:
Sebelisa equation bakeng sa bophara ba lebanta la pele le lefifi (paterone ea diffraction ea lesoba le le leng):
\[ y = \frac{m \lambda L}{a} \]
Bakeng sa sehlopha sa pele se lefifi, \( m = 1 \):
\[ y = \frac{1 \times 600 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
Ho nkela boleng sebaka:
\[ y = \frac{600 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \mongolo{m} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \mongolo{m} \]
\[ y = 90000 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \mongolo{ m} \]
\[ y = 0,09 \mongolo{ m} \]
Kahoo, bophara ba lebanta la pele le lefifi ho tloha bohareng ba paterone ea diffraction ke limithara tse 0,09 kapa 9 cm.
Qetello
Leseli le bonahalang ke sebaka sa spectrum ea motlakase se bonoang ke leihlo la motho 'me se bohlokoa bakeng sa liketsahalo tsa mahlo tse kang refraction, interference, le diffraction. Ho utloisisa likhopolo tsa motheo le ho khona ho rarolla mathata a amanang le liketsahalo tsena ho bohlokoa bakeng sa baithuti le bafuputsi. Sehloohong sena, re hlahlobile mathata a 'maloa a mehlala, a felletseng ka litlhaloso, ho re thusa ho utloisisa hore na leseli le bonahalang le sebelisana joang le sebui le ho hlahisa liketsahalo tse fapaneng tsa mahlo. Ka kutloisiso e betere, re ka hlahloba lits'ebetso tse ling tsa leseli le bonahalang saenseng le theknoloji.
