Mohlala oa Lipotso tsa Puisano ea Biopolymer ea Organic
Li-biopolymer tsa tlhaho ke taba ea bohlokoa k'hemistri le baeloji, haholo-holo ha ho tluoa tabeng ea thepa e ka bolang e nang le ts'ebeliso e pharaletseng liindastering tse fapaneng. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla mathata a 'maloa a mehlala mabapi le li-biopolymer tsa tlhaho le litlhaloso tsa tsona ho fana ka kutloisiso e tebileng ea mohopolo. Morero oa sehlooho sena ke ho thusa baithuti ho utloisisa le ho rarolla mathata a amanang le li-biopolymer tsa tlhaho.
Ho Utloisisa Li-biopolymer tsa Organic
Pele re teba mathateng a mehlala, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore na li-biopolymer tsa tlhaho ke eng. Li-biopolymer tsa tlhaho ke metsoako ea macromolecular e entsoeng ka li-unit tsa monomer tse hlophisitsoeng ka meaho e melelele 'me li hlahisoa ke lits'ebetso tsa baeloji. Mehlala e tloaelehileng ea li-biopolymer tsena e kenyelletsa liprotheine, li-nucleic acid (DNA le RNA), le li-polysaccharides (tse kang cellulose le starch).
Li-biopolymer tsena lia bola, ho bolelang hore li ka aroloa ke likokoana-hloko tse phelang ka tlhaho, e leng se etsang hore li be mosa ho tikoloho ho feta li-polymer tsa maiketsetso. Li boetse li na le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso indastering ea bongaka, ea meriana, ea temo le ea lijo.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1: Sebopeho sa Protheine
Potso: Hlalosa mokhoa oa ho theha libopeho tsa liprotheine tsa mantlha, tsa bobeli, tsa boraro le tsa quaternary.
Puisano:
– Sebopeho sa Motheo: Sebopeho sa mantlha ke tatellano e otlolohileng ya di-amino acid ka hara ketane ya polypeptide. Tatellano ena e etsa qeto ya maemo a mang ohle a sebopeho mme e thehwa ke maqhama a matla a peptide pakeng tsa sehlopha sa carboxyl sa amino acid e le nngwe le sehlopha sa amino sa se latelang.
– Sebopeho sa Bobedi: Sebopeho sa bobedi se bopjwa ke ho kobeha kapa ho mena ha ketane ya polypeptide ka lebaka la ho hokahana ha haedrojene pakeng tsa diathomo tse ketaneng e kgolo. Mefuta e meholo ya sebopeho sa bobedi ke di-alpha-helice le di-beta-sheet.
– Sebopeho sa Tertiary: Sebopeho sa tertiary ke sebopeho se felletseng sa mahlakore a mararo sa ketane ya polypeptide, se hlahang ka lebaka la dikamano pakeng tsa diketane tse lehlakoreng tsa di-amino acid tse fapaneng. Dikamano tsena di ka kenyeletsa ditlamo tsa haeterojene, dikamano tsa hydrophobic, ditlamo tsa ionic, le ditlamo tsa disulfide (haholo-holo ho amino acid cysteine).
– Sebopeho sa Quaternary: Sebopeho sa Quaternary ke tokisetso ea liketane tse 'maloa tsa polypeptide tse mennweng (li-subunit) hore e be protheine e sebetsang. Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa li-subunit e ka nka sebopeho sa litlamo tsa haeterojene, likamano tsa hydrophobic, le likamano tse ling.
Potso ea 2: Mesebetsi le Mehlala ea Li-polysaccharide
Potso: Bolela mefuta e 'meli ea li-polysaccharide, mesebetsi ea tsona, le mehlala ea mofuta ka mong.
Puisano:
– Cellulose: Cellulose ke polysaccharide ea sebopeho e fumanoang maboteng a sele ea limela. Mosebetsi oa eona ke ho fana ka matla le ho tiea ha mehaho ea limela. Mehlala e kenyelletsa k'hothone, lehong le likhoele tse ling tsa limela.
– Setache: Setache ke polysaccharide e bolokang matla dimeleng. Dimela di boloka matla ka mokgwa wa setache dipeong le di-tuber. Mehlala e kenyeletsa ditapole, poone le raese.
Potso ea 3: Ho senyeha ha Bioplastic
Potso: Hlalosa mokhoa oa ho bola ha li-bioplastics 'me u bolele lintlha tse ho susumetsang.
Puisano:
Ho bola ha bioplastic ke mokhoa oo ka oona dikokwana-hloko (tse kang dibaktheria le di-fungus) di pshatlang di-bioplastic hore e be dimolek'hule tse nyane tse kang carbon dioxide, metsi le biomass. Mokgwa ona wa ho bola ha bioplastic o kenyeletsa dienzyme tse hlahiswang ke dikokwana-hloko tsena.
Mabaka a susumetsang sekhahla sa ho bola ha di-bioplastic a kenyeletsa:
– Mofuta oa Polymer: Li-polymer tse bonolo, tsa tlhaho tse ngata li atisa ho senyeha habonolo.
– Tikoloho: Mocheso, mongobo, pH, le boteng ba oksijene di ama mosebetsi wa dikokwana-hloko.
– Dikokwana-hloko: Mefuta-futa le palo ya dikokwana-hloko tikolohong e itseng di ama sekgahla sa ho senyeha.
– Sebopeho sa Polymer: Li-polymer tse nang le dibopeho tse rarahaneng tsa dikhemikhale di atisa ho ba thata ho di senya.
– Boteng ba lintho tse eketsang: Li-bioplastic tse ling li na le lintho tse eketsang tse ka potlakisang kapa tsa liehisa ts'ebetso ea ho bola ha lintho tse phelang.
Potso ea 4: Li-asidi tsa Nyutlelie
Potso: Phapang e ka sehloohong pakeng tsa DNA le RNA ke efe mabapi le sebopeho le mosebetsi?
Puisano:
– Sebopeho:
– DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) e na le dithapo tse pedi tsa polynucleotide tse etsang helix e habeli. Diyuniti tsa monomeric tsa DNA ke deoxyribonucleotides, tse nang le metheo ya naetrojene (adenine, thymine, cytosine, le guanine), tswekere ya deoxyribose, le sehlopha sa phosphate.
– RNA: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) hangata e na le khoele e le 'ngoe ea polynucleotides. Li-monomeric units tsa RNA ke ribonucleotides, tse nang le metheo ea naetrojene (adenine, uracil, cytosine, le guanine), tsoekere ea ribose, le sehlopha sa phosphate.
- Mosebetsi:
– DNA: DNA e sebetsa e le polokelo ea tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka mokhoa oa tatellano ea nucleotide e fetisetsoang ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong. DNA e boetse e laola mesebetsi e mengata ea sele ka ho laola tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.
– RNA: RNA e sebetsa mesebetsing e fapaneng ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho kenyeletsoa le ho ba mojari oa melaetsa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha ho DNA ho ea ho li-ribosome (mRNA), ho thusa ho theha meaho ea li-ribosome (rRNA), le ho jara li-amino acid ho li-ribosome nakong ea ts'ebetso ea phetolelo (tRNA).
Potso ea 5: Mehloli ea Tlhaho ea Li-biopolymer
Potso: Hlalosa mehloli e meraro ea tlhaho ea li-biopolymer le mehlala ea lihlahisoa tseo li li hlahisang.
Puisano:
– Limela: Li-biopolymer tse kang cellulose le starch li nkiloe liseleng tsa limela. Mehlala e kenyelletsa likhoele tsa masela tse tsoang k'hothoneng (cellulose) le thepa e tala bakeng sa li-bioplastic tse tsoang ho starch (mohlala, PLA – Polylactic Acid).
– Liphoofolo: Chitin ke biopolymer e fumanoang ka har'a masapo a likokoanyana le li-crustacean. E fetotsoe chitosan, chitin e sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa bongaka tse kang masela a tlamisang le litsamaiso tsa ho fana ka meriana.
– Dikokwana-hloko: Dikokwana-hloko tse ding di kgona ho hlahisa di-biopolymer tse kang di-polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Di-PHA di sebediswa tlhahisong ya di-bioplastic tse fapaneng tse bolang.
Qetello
Li-biopolymer tsa tlhaho ke metsoako ea bohlokoa likarolong tse fapaneng tsa bophelo le theknoloji. Ho utloisisa sebopeho, mosebetsi le bohlokoa ba li-biopolymer tsena ho ka fana ka temohisiso e tebileng mabapi le hore na li kenya letsoho joang ho mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang le nts'etsopele ea lihlahisoa tse sireletsang tikoloho. Ka mehlala le lipuisano tse kaholimo, ho tšeptjoa hore babali ba tla ba le kutloisiso e betere 'me ba itokisetse ho sebetsana le lipotso tse fapaneng tse amanang le li-biopolymer tsa tlhaho.
