Sehlooho: Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano ea Melao ea ho Kopanya Motheo
Pendahuluan
Ho liphatsa tsa lefutso, melao ea ho kopanya motheo ke motheo oa bohlokoa oa ho hlalosa kamoo likhoele tsa DNA le RNA li thehoang le ho sebetsa kateng. Ho DNA, metheo ea naetrojene e tsamaisana ka ho khetheha: adenine (A) e tsamaisana le thymine (T), 'me guanine (G) e tsamaisana le cytosine (C). Ho RNA, uracil (U) e nkela thymine sebaka. Melao ena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ikatisa ha DNA le ho ngoloa ha RNA.
Sengoloa sena se tla hlahisa mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata a amanang le melao ea ho kopanya motheo, hammoho le lipuisano tsa bona. Ho tšeptjoa hore sena se tla thusa babali ho utloisisa likhopolo tsa motheo le ts'ebeliso ea tsona maemong a fapaneng a baeloji.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
1. Potso ea 1: Ho Bala Palo ea Metheo ho DNA
Mohlala, khoele ea DNA e na le guanine ea 30%. Bala peresente ea metheo ea cytosine, adenine le thymine khoeleng.
Puisano:
Ho ya ka melao ya ho kopanya motheo, guanine (G) e dula e tsamaisana le cytosine (C). Haeba guanine e le 30%, cytosine le yona e lokela ho ba 30%. Kaha peresente yohle ya metheo yohle e lokela ho ba 100%, re ka bala peresente ya adenine (A) le thymine (T) re sebedisa foromo:
\[
\mongolo{Peresente A} + \mongolo{Peresente T} + \mongolo{Peresente G} + \mongolo{Peresente C} = 100\%
\]
Ka ho kenya boleng ba G le C, re fumana:
\[
\mongolo{Peresente A} + \mongolo{Peresente T} + 30\% + 30\% = 100\%
\]
\[
\mongolo{Peresente A} + \mongolo{Peresente T} = 40\%
\]
Kaha A e tsamaisana le T, joale:
\[
\mongolo{Peresente A} = \mongolo{Peresente T} = 20\%
\]
Kahoo, peresente ea motheo ka mong ke G = 30%, C = 30%, A = 20%, le T = 20%.
2. Potso ea 2: Ho Theha Ketane ea DNA Para
Kaha tatellano ea motheo khoeleng e le 'ngoe ea DNA ke 5′-ATCGGATCGA-3′. Fumana tatellano ea motheo khoeleng e 'ngoe.
Puisano:
Re sebelisa melao ea ho kopanya motheo, rea tseba hore A e kopanya ka T, T e kopanya ka A, C e kopanya ka G, le G e kopanya ka C. Ka ho latela melao ena, re ka fumana tatellano ea metheo holim'a khoele e kopantsoeng:
– Lipara tse nang le T
– T e tsamaisana le A
– C e kopantsoe le G
– G e kopantsoe le C
– G e kopantsoe le C
– Lipara tse nang le T
– T e tsamaisana le A
– C e kopantsoe le G
– G e kopantsoe le C
– Lipara tse nang le T
Kahoo, tatellano ea motheo ka har'a ketane e kopantsoeng ke 3′-TAGCCTAGCT-5′.
3. Potso ea 3: Phetolelo ea DNA ho RNA
Ka lebaka la tatellano e latelang ea motheo oa DNA: 5′-GATTACA-3′. Fumana tatellano ea motheo ho RNA e ngotsoeng.
Puisano:
Mokhoeng oa ho ngola, tatellano ea motheo ho DNA e sebelisoa e le mohlala oa ho kopanya RNA. Ho RNA, uracil (U) e nkela thymine (T sebaka). Tatellano ea motheo ea RNA e hlahisoang e thehoa ka ho nkela motheo o mong le o mong sebaka ka motheo oa oona o tsamaellanang (ntle le T, e fetohang U):
– G e fetoha C
– A e fetoha U
– T e fetoha A
– T e fetoha A
– A e fetoha U
– C e fetoha G
– A e fetoha U
Kahoo tatellano ea motheo ho RNA ke 5'-CUAAUGU-3'.
4. Potso ea 4: Ho Khetholla Liphetoho ho DNA
Rasaense o sibolla hore motheo o tatellanong ea DNA ea 5′-TACGGCAT-3′ o fetohile, o nkela motheo oa bobeli sebaka ka motheo o mong. Ho latela lintlha tsena, tšusumetso e ka bang teng ea phetoho ena protheineng e hlahang ke efe?
Puisano:
Boemong bona, re hloka ho qala ka ho fumana hore na lipara tse tloaelehileng tsa motheo ke life le hore na tatellano ea RNA e lokela ho ba efe:
Tatellano e tloaelehileng ea DNA: 5′-TACGGCAT-3′
Sephetoho se inahaneloang: 5′-TTCGGCAT-3′ (T ea bobeli e nkeloa sebaka ke setsi se seng)
Para e tloaelehileng: 3′-ATGCCGTA-5′
Para e fetotsoeng: 3′-AAGCCGTA-5′
RNA e tloaelehileng: 5′-AUGCCGUA-3′
RNA e fetotsoeng: 5′-AAGCCGUA-3′
Ho latela tafole ea codon, tatellano e tloaelehileng ea AUG (methionine) e tla fetoha ho ba AAG (lysine). Ho nkeloa sebaka ha amino acid e le 'ngoe ka har'a ketane ho ka ama ts'ebetso ea protheine e hlahisoang, ho latela boemo le thepa ea lik'hemik'hale ea amino acid e amehang.
5. Potso ea 5: Ho Bala Tšusumetso ea ho Fokotseha ha DNA
Ha DNA e fetoha, maqhama pakeng tsa metheo ya naetrojene a a robeha. Tekong ena, re fumane hore tatellano e itseng ya DNA e na le 60% ya ho kopanya GC. Haeba mocheso o eketswa, botsitso ba DNA ena bo ka bapiswa jwang le DNA e nang le 40% ya ho kopanya GC?
Puisano:
Lipara tsa motheo tsa GC li hokahantsoe ke litlamo tse tharo tsa haeterojene, ha lipara tsa motheo tsa AT li hokahantsoe ke litlamo tse peli tsa haeterojene. Ka hona, tatellano ea DNA e nang le peresente e phahameng ea GC e tsitsitse haholoanyane 'me e hloka mocheso o phahameng ho fihlela e fetoha.
Tabeng ena, DNA e nang le lipara tsa GC tse 60% e tla ba e tsitsitseng haholoanyane 'me e hane ho eketseha ha mocheso ho feta DNA e nang le lipara tsa GC tse 40% feela, hobane matla a mangata a hlokahala ho roba maqhama a mangata a haedrojene a hokahanyang lipara tsa GC.
Qetello
Ho utloisisa melao ea ho kopanya motheo ke karolo ea bohlokoa baelojing ea limolek'hule, haholo-holo moelelong oa ho ikatisa ha DNA, ho ngoloa ha eona le phetoho ea eona. Mehlala e kaholimo e bontša ts'ebeliso e sebetsang le litlamorao tsa melao ena thutong ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le theknoloji ea baeloji. Ha kutloisiso ea rona ea lits'ebetso tsena e tebile haholoanyane, re tla ntšetsa pele boiteko ba rona lipatlisisong tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le kutloisiso ea rona ea bophelo boemong ba limolek'hule.
