Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano ea Litšebeliso tsa Electrochemical: Ho Koahela Tšepe
Electrochemistry ke lekala la k'hemistri le ithutang kamano pakeng tsa dikarabelo tsa dikhemikhale le motlakase. E 'ngoe ea lits'ebeliso tse tloaelehileng le tse thusang tsa electrochemistry ke ho betla tšepe, kapa boemo ba electrode. Ho betla tšepe ho sebelisoa liindastering tse fapaneng, ho tloha mekhabisong ho isa ho tse sebetsang, tse kang ho betla ho sa senyeheng kapa ho ntlafatsa ho tsamaisoa ha motlakase.
Sengoloa sena se tla tšohla mathata a 'maloa a mehlala a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea k'hemistri ea motlakase ho plating ea tšepe, hammoho le mehato ea ho a rarolla. Ho utloisisa likhopolo-taba tsa motheo le ts'ebeliso e sebetsang ea boemo ba motlakase ho tla u thusa ho rarolla mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata tšimong ena. Mehlala ea mathata ke ena:
Mohlala oa Bothata ba 1: Ho penta ka silevera holim'a koporo
Potso:
U batla ho maneha lakane ea koporo ka silevera u sebelisa tharollo ea nitrate ea silevera (AgNO3). Lakane ea koporo e boima ba ligrama tse 500, e sebelisa li-amps tse 2 tsa motlakase, 'me e hloka nako ea ho poleiti ea hora e le' ngoe. Ke ligrama tse kae tsa silevera tse tla manehoa lakane ea koporo?
Puisano:
1. Fumana Tefiso ea Motlakase e Sebelisitsoeng:
Tefiso ea motlakase e sebelisitsoeng (Q) e ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[
Q = Ke \makhetlo t
\]
Di mana:
– I = motlakase (ampere)
– t = nako (metsotsoana)
Fetola nako ho tloha ho lihora ho ea ho metsotsoana:
\[
t = 1 \mongolo{hora} \metsotso 3600 \mongolo{metsotsoana/hora} = 3600 \mongolo{metsotsoana}
\]
Ho bala tjhaja ya motlakase:
\[
Q = 2 \mongolo{A} \ka makhetlo a 3600 \mongolo{s} = 7200 \mongolo{Coulomb}
\]
2. Ho Bala Faraday Current (nF):
Karabelo ea silevera ea plating ea Ag+ ho Ag(s) ke:
\[
\text{Ag}^+ + e^- \rightarrow \text{Ag}
\]
Sena se bolela hore mole e le 'ngoe ea lielektrone ea hlokahala ho kenya mole e le 'ngoe ea silevera.
Boleng ba constant ea Faraday (F) ke 96485 Coulombs/mol electrons.
Ho bala li-mole tsa lielektrone tse sebelisitsoeng:
\[
\text{n} = \frac{Q}{F} = \frac{7200 \text{C}}{96485 \text{C/mol}} = 0.0746 \text{mol}
\]
3. Ho Bala Boima ba Silevera e Koahetsoeng:
Ha ho sebelisoa boima ba molar ba Ag (107.87 g/mol), boima ba silevera bo ka baloa ka tsela ena:
\[
\text{Boima ba Ag} = 0.0746 \text{ mol} \times 107.87 \text{ g/mol} = 8.05 \text{ g}
\]
Kahoo, digrama tse 8.05 tsa silevera di tla manehwa hodima lakane ya koporo.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2: Bokgoni ba ho Koahela
Potso:
Haeba ts'ebetsong e fetileng ea ho penta silevera, katleho ea ho penta e ne e le 85% feela, ke ligrama tse kae tsa silevera tse neng li pentiloe holim'a lakane ea koporo?
Puisano:
1. Ho Bala Boima ba Silevera ka Bokgoni:
Boima ba silevera e manehiloeng ntle le ho nahana ka katleho ke ligrama tse 8.05 (ho tsoa potsong ea mohlala ea 1).
Ka bokgoni ba 85%, boima ba 'nete ba silifera e manehiloeng ke:
\[
\text{Boima ba 'nete ba Ag} = 8.05 \text{g} \times 0.85 = 6.84 \text{g}
\]
Kahoo, digrama tse 6.84 tsa silevera di manehilwe hodima lakane ya koporo.
Mohlala oa 3: Ho Koahela Tšepe Tse Ling
Potso:
Haeba o batla ho tlotsa ntho ka tšepe ea nickel o sebelisa tharollo ea NiSO4, ho tla nka nako e kae ho tlotsa ligrama tse 10 tsa nickel haeba motlakase o sebelisoang e le 3 Amperes?
Puisano:
1. Ho Fumana Tlhokahalo ea Mole Electron:
Karabelo ea ho betla ha nickel ea Ni^2+ ho ea ho Ni(s) ke:
\[
\mongolo{Ni}^{2+} + 2e^- \ motsu \ mongolo{Ni}
\]
Sena se bolela hore ho hlokahala li-mole tse 2 tsa lielektrone ho kenya mole e le 'ngoe ea nickel.
2. Ho Bala Li-Moles tsa Nikele:
Ha ho sebelisoa boima ba molar ba nickel (58.69 g/mol), li-moles tsa nickel tse hlokahalang ke:
\[
\mongolo{n (Ni)} = \frac{10 \mongolo{g}}{58.69 \mongolo{ g/mol}} = 0.1704 \mongolo{ mol Ni}
\]
3. Ho Bala Limole tsa Lielektrone:
Kaha mole e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea nickel e hloka li-mole tse 2 tsa lielektrone:
\[
\text{n (lielektrone)} = 0.1704 \text{ mol Ni} \times 2 \text{ mol e^-}/\text{ mol Ni} = 0.3408 \text{ lielektrone tsa mole}
\]
4. Ho Bala Tefiso ea Motlakase:
Ho sebelisoa kamehla ea Faraday (F = 96485 C/mol), tefiso ea motlakase e hlokahalang ke:
\[
Q = \mongolo{n (dieleketerone)} \metsotso F = 0.3408 \mongolo{mol} \metso ...
\]
5. Ho Bala Nako e Hlokahalang:
Ka motlakase (I) oa li-Ampere tse 3, nako (t) e hlokahalang ke:
\[
t = \frac{Q}{I} = \frac{32872 \text{C}}{3 \text{A}} = 10957.33 \text{metsotsoana}
\]
Fetola metsotsoana ho lihora:
\[
t = \frac{10957.33 \text{s}}{3600 \text{s/hour}} = 3.04 \text{lihora}
\]
Kahoo, nako e hlokahalang ho penta digrama tse 10 tsa nickel ke dihora tse ka bang 3.04.
Qetello
Sehloohong sena, re buisane ka mathata a 'maloa a mehlala mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea k'hemistri ea motlakase ho plating ea tšepe. Ka ho utloisisa mehato e amehang ho plating ea silevera le nickel, u ka fumana kutloisiso e hlakileng ea ts'ebeliso e sebetsang ea k'hemistri ea motlakase. Mekhoa e kang ho fumana tefiso ea motlakase e sebelisitsoeng, ho bala li-mole tsa lielektrone le boima ba tšepe e plating, le ho fumana nako e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea plating kaofela ke tsebo ea bohlokoa e hlokahalang tšimong ena.
Ke tšepa hore sengoloa sena se tla u thusa ho tseba likhopolo le ts'ebeliso ea k'hemistri ea motlakase ho plating ea tšepe.
