Sebopeho le Mesebetsi ea Liprotheine
Liprotheine ke limolek'hule tse kholo, tse rarahaneng tse bapalang mesebetsi e mengata ea bohlokoa 'meleng. Lia hlokahala bakeng sa sebopeho, ts'ebetso le taolo ea lisele le litho tsa' mele. Protheine ka 'ngoe e na le sebopeho se ikhethang, se rarahaneng sa 3D se amanang ka ho toba le ts'ebetso ea sona. Ho utloisisa sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea liprotheine ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa karolo ea tsona lits'ebetsong tsa baeloji le kamoo li ka sebelisoang kateng bongaka, theknoloji ea baeloji le masimo a mang.
Sebopeho sa Liprotheine
Liprotheine li entsoe ka li-unit tse nyane tse bitsoang li-amino acid. Ho na le li-amino acid tse 20 tse fapaneng, 'me tatellano eo li hlophisitsoeng ka eona e khetholla litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa protheine. Sebopeho sa liprotheine ka kakaretso se hlalosoa ka maemo a mane: a mantlha, a bobeli, a boraro, le a quaternary.
Sebopeho sa Mathomo
Sebopeho sa mantlha sa protheine ke tatellano ea eona e otlolohileng ea li-amino acid, tse hokahaneng hammoho ke litlamo tsa peptide. Tatellano ena e khethoa ke jini e kenyang protheine. Esita le phetoho e nyane tatellanong ea li-amino acid e ka ama sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea protheine ka kakaretso. Boemo bona ba sebopeho bo sebetsa e le moralo oa maemo ohle a latelang a sebopeho.
Sebopeho sa bobeli
Sebopeho sa bobedi se bolela dibopeho tse mennweng tsa lehae tse bopjwang ka hara polypeptide ka lebaka la dikamano hara diathomo tsa mokokotlo. Dibopeho tse tlwaelehileng haholo tsa bobedi ke alpha-helix le beta-sheet. Dibopeho tsena di tsitsiswa ke dibopeho tsa haeterojene pakeng tsa oksijene ya carbonyl ya amino acid e le nngwe le amide hydrogen ya e nngwe. Di-alpha-helice ke dibopeho tse kobehileng ha di-beta-sheet di bopjwa ka ho hokahanya di-beta-strands tse pedi kapa ho feta tse rapaletseng pela e nngwe ka dibopeho tsa haeterojene.
Sebopeho sa thuto e phahameng
Sebopeho sa tertiary ke sebopeho se akaretsang sa mahlakore a mararo sa ketane e le 'ngoe ea polypeptide. Boemo bona ba sebopeho bo tsitsisoa ke likamano tse fapaneng pakeng tsa liketane tse ka thoko tsa li-amino acid, ho kenyeletsoa litlamo tsa hydrogen, litlamo tsa ionic, matla a Van der Waals, le likamano tsa hydrophobic. Litlamo tsa disulfide, e leng litlamo tse kopanetsoeng pakeng tsa liathomo tsa sebabole ka har'a liketane tse ka thoko tsa masala a cysteine, le tsona li ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsitsiseng sebopeho sa tertiary.
Sebopeho sa Quaternary
Sebopeho sa quaternary se hlaha ha liketane tse ngata tsa polypeptide, tse bitsoang subunits, li kopana ho etsa protheine e sebetsang. Sebopeho se tsitsisoa ke mefuta e tšoanang ea likamano tse laolang sebopeho sa tertiary. Hemoglobin, mohlala, ke protheine e nang le sebopeho sa quaternary se entsoeng ka subunits tse 'ne. Tlhophiso ea subunits tsena e bohlokoa bakeng sa mosebetsi oa protheine.
Mesebetsi ea Liprotheine
Liprotheine li na le mekhoa e mengata haholo 'me li etsa mesebetsi e mengata e fapaneng litsamaisong tsa baeloji. Li ameha hoo e batlang e le ts'ebetsong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ka har'a lisele. Tse ling tsa mesebetsi ea mantlha ea liprotheine ke tsena:
Enzymatic Catalysis
Li-enzyme ke liprotheine tse sebetsang e le li-catalyst tsa baeloji, tse potlakisang liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale ka har'a lisele. Enzyme e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ikhethile ho karabelo e itseng kapa mofuta oa karabelo. Li-enzyme li sebetsa ka ho fokotsa matla a ts'ebetso ea liketso, ho etsa hore ho be bonolo hore li tsoele pele. Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa metabolism, tse neng li tla etsahala butle haholo ho boloka bophelo ntle le catalysis ea enzymatic. Mehlala e kenyelletsa li-enzyme tsa tšilo ea lijo tse kang amylase, e qhaqhang starch, le DNA polymerase, e hlahisang likhoele tse ncha tsa DNA.
Tšehetso ea Meaho
Liprotheine tsa sebopeho li fana ka tšehetso le sebopeho ho lisele le lisele. Ka mohlala, collagen ke protheine e nang le likhoele e fanang ka matla a ho thapisa lisele tse hokahaneng, letlalong le masapong. Mohlala o mong ke keratin, e fumanoang moriring, manaleng le lera le ka ntle la letlalo. Cytoskeleton ea lisele e entsoe ka liprotheine tse kang actin le tubulin, tse fanang ka moralo oa ka hare o tšehetsang sebopeho sa sele, o thusang ho tsamaisa lisele ka hare ho sele, le ho nolofalletsa motsamao oa sele.
Lipalangoang le polokelo
Liprotheine tsa lipalangoang li tsamaisa lintho ho pholletsa le lera la sele kapa ka maro a 'mele. Hemoglobin ke protheine e tsebahalang haholo ea lipalangoang e tsamaisang oksijene ho tloha matšoafong ho ea liseleng 'me e khutlisetsa carbon dioxide ho tloha liseleng ho ea matšoafong. Liprotheine tsa lipalangoang tsa lera tse kang likanale tsa ion le bajari li thusa ho tsamaisa li-ion, limatlafatsi le lihlahisoa tse litšila ho kena le ho tsoa liseleng. Liprotheine tsa polokelo tse kang ferritin li boloka limatlafatsi tsa bohlokoa 'me lia li lokolla ha ho hlokahala. Ferritin e boloka tšepe 'me e e lokolla 'meleng ka tsela e laoloang.
Puisano ea Mehala
Liprotheine li ameha lits'ebetsong tsa puisano ea sele. Liprotheine tsa li-receptor tse lera la sele li lumella lisele ho arabela matšoao a kantle. Mohlala, li-insulin receptors li tlama insulin 'me li thusa ho laola maemo a tsoekere maling. Liprotheine tsa lipontšo tsa ka hare ho sele, tse kang kinase, li fetisa matšoao ho tsoa ho li-receptor ho ea limolek'huleng tse reretsoeng ka har'a sele, li hlophisa lits'ebetso tse rarahaneng tse kang kholo, phapang le metabolism.
Karabelo ea 'mele
Liprotheine li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa tsamaisong ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Li-antibodies, kapa li-immunoglobulins, ke liprotheine tse lemohang le ho tlama limolek'hule tse tsoang linaheng tse ling, tse kang likokoana-hloko, ho li thibela kapa ho li tšoaea hore li senngoe ke lisele tse ling tsa 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Liprotheine tse kholo tsa histocompatibility complex (MHC) li hlahisa li-antigen holim'a lisele, li lumella tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ho lemoha le ho arabela likokoana-hloko kapa lisele tse tšoaelitsoeng.
Mosebetsi oa Lihormone
Lihormone tse ngata ke liprotheine kapa li-peptide. Lihormone li sebetsa e le limolek'hule tse bontšang lintho tse laolang lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa 'mele. Ka mohlala, insulin e laola ho monngoa ha tsoekere le metabolism. Hormone ea kholo e susumetsa kholo, ho ikatisa ha lisele le ho tsosolosoa. Lihormone tse thehiloeng protheineng li sebelisana le li-receptor tse itseng liseleng tse reriloeng kapa tse ka har'a tsona ho hlahisa karabelo.
Movement
Liprotheine li ameha ho honyeleng ha mesifa le ho tsamaeng ha lisele. Liprotheine tsa 'mele tse kang myosin, kinesin, le dynein li fetola matla a lik'hemik'hale hore e be mosebetsi oa mechine, e leng se nolofalletsang ho honyela ha mesifa, ho tsamaisoa ka hare ho sele, le mefuta e meng ea motsamao. Actin le myosin li sebetsa 'moho liseleng tsa mesifa ho hlahisa ho honyela, ha kinesin le dynein li tsamaea ka har'a li-microtubules ho tsamaisa thepa ea sele.
fihlela qeto e
Liprotheine li bohlokoa haholo bophelong. Sebopeho sa tsona, se laoloang ke tatellano ea li-amino acid le likamano lipakeng tsa li-amino acid tseo, se laola mosebetsi oa tsona. Ho tloha ho etseng hore li-metabolic reactions li sebetse ho ea ho faneng ka tšehetso ea sebopeho, ho tloha ho tsamaiseng limolek'hule ho ea ho nolofalletseng puisano ea sele, mesebetsi ea liprotheine e fapane joalo ka ha e le ea bohlokoa. Kutloisiso e tebileng ea liprotheine e tla tsoela pele ho notlolla temohisiso e ncha mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa baeloji le lits'ebetso tse ka bang teng meriana, indastering le libakeng tse ling. Tsebo ena e totobatsa bohlokoa ba liprotheine karolong e kholo ea bophelo.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, liprotheine ha se likarolo tsa lisele tse phelang feela; ke lipere tse sebetsang tse khannang ts'ebetso le katleho ea litsamaiso tsa baeloji, e leng se etsang hore e be ntlha ea bohlokoa ea lipatlisiso tsa saense le ho sibolla lintho.
