Li-Genome tsa Prokaryotic ho Biology ea Limolek'hule
Li-genome tsa prokaryotic ke motheo oa motheo oa baeloji ea limolek'hule, tse bontšang kamoo bophelo, boemong ba bona bo bonolo ka ho fetisisa, bo bolokang, bo hlahisang le ho fetisa tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Li-prokaryote—tse kenyeletsang libaktheria le li-archaea—li na le mekhatlo ea li-genome tse nyane haholo ha li bapisoa le li-eukaryote, leha ho le joalo li sebetsa e le mehlala e metle ea ho utloisisa melao-motheo ea motheo ea ho ikatisa ha DNA, taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, phetoho le ho iphetola ha lintho. Ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea tatellano le bioinformatics, thuto ea li-genome tsa prokaryotic le eona e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa bongaka, theknoloji ea baeloji le saense ea tikoloho.
Litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa genome ea prokaryotic
Ka kakaretso, di-genome tsa prokaryotic ke DNA e nang le mela e mmedi mme hangata di hlophisitswe e le chromosome e le nngwe e chitja e fumanehang sebakeng sa nucleoid (ho ena le ka hara nucleus, kaha di-prokaryote ha di na lera la nyutlelie). Le hoja "chromosome e le nngwe e chitja" e atisa ho qotswa e le tšobotsi, ho na le mekhelo: dibaktheria tse ding di na le di-chromosome tse ngata, kapa di-chromosome tse otlolohileng. Di-genome tsa prokaryotic di fapana ka boholo, ho tloha ho dipara tse ka bang dimilione tse 0,1–1 tsa motheo ho dibaktheria tse phelang tse itshetlehileng haholo ho moamoheli wa tsona, ho isa ho dipara tse fetang dimilione tse 10 tsa motheo ho dibaktheria tsa mobu tse nang le bokgoni bo boholo ba metabolism.
Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke bongata bo phahameng ba liphatsa tsa lefutso. Li-genome tsa prokaryotic, boholo ba DNA boa ngola, ka tatellano e fokolang ea ho se ngole khoutu ho feta li-eukaryote. Sena se amana le katleho ea ho iphetola ha lintho: li-prokaryote li atisa ho boloka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fanang ka melemo ea ho ikamahanya le maemo tikolohong e itseng. Lijini tsena hangata li pakiloe ka thata, 'me tse ngata li arotsoe ka mesebetsi.
Sebopeho sa liphatsa tsa lefutso le tlhophiso ea operon
E 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsa bohlokoa tse etsang hore li-genome tsa prokaryotic li be bohlokoa haholo baelojing ea limolek'hule ke operon. Operon ke yuniti ea transcriptional e nang le liphatsa tse 'maloa tsa sebopeho tse laoloang ke promoter e le' ngoe 'me hangata e le operator. Paterone ena e lumella liphatsa tse ngata tsa lefutso tse sebetsang tseleng e tšoanang ea metabolism ho hlahisoa ka nako e le' ngoe. Mohlala oa khale ke lac operon ho Escherichia coli, e laolang tšebeliso ea lactose. Mohlala oa operon ke motheo oa kutloisiso ea sejoale-joale ea taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka tšebelisano ea DNA-protein, li-repressors le li-inducers.
Ho di-prokaryotes, phetolelo le phetolelo le tsona di ka etsahala ka nako e le nngwe hobane ha ho na karohano ya dikarolo tse kang nucleus ya sele. Ha RNA polymerase e qala ho kopanya mRNA, di-ribosome di ka e hokela le ho e fetolela hanghang. Sephetho sa baeloji ke karabelo e potlakileng haholo diphetohong tsa tikoloho—mohlala, ho fumaneha ha dikotla, kgatello ya oxidative, kapa diphetoho tsa mocheso.
Ho ikatisa ha DNA le likarolo tsa bohlokoa
Li-genome tsa prokaryotic li ikatisa ka mokhoa o sa fetoheng, joalo ka lintho tse phelang kaofela. Leha ho le joalo, li-prokaryote hangata li na le tšimoloho e le 'ngoe ea ho ikatisa (ori) li-chromosome tsa tsona, joalo ka oriC ho E. coli. Ho tloha ntlheng ena, ho ikatisa ho tsoela pele ka lehlakoreng le leng. Liprotheine tsa bohlokoa tse kang DNA helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, le ligase li sebetsa ka kopanelo ho etsisa DNA ka ho nepahala ho hoholo.
Baeloji ea limolek'hule e ithuta kamoo sekhahla sa ho ikatisa, taolo ea potoloho ea sele, le litsamaiso tsa tokiso ea DNA li netefatsang botsitso ba genome. Li-prokaryote li na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea tokiso, joalo ka tokiso e sa tsamaellaneng le tokiso ea ho tlosoa ha nucleotide. Le hoja li le bonolo, litsamaiso tsena li sebetsa hantle haholo, 'me ho hloleha ha tsona ho ka eketsa sekhahla sa phetoho, e leng se potlakisang ho iphetola ha lintho kapa sa baka ho hanyetsa lithibela-mafu.
Li-plasmid le DNA ea extrachromosome
Ntle le chromosome e kholo, li-prokaryote tse ngata li na le li-plasmid—limolek'hule tse nyane tse chitja tsa DNA tse khonang ho ikatisa ka boikemelo. Hangata li-plasmid li na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fanang ka melemo e khethiloeng, joalo ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse hanyetsang lithibela-mafu, lintlha tsa ho ba kotsi, kapa bokhoni ba ho fetola metsoako e itseng. Ho ea ka pono ea baeloji ea limolek'hule, li-plasmid li bohlokoa hobane li sebetsa e le "likoloi" tsa tlhaho bakeng sa phetisetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso lipakeng tsa libaktheria 'me li sebetsa e le li-vectors boenjiniereng ba liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Ka laboratoring, li-plasmid li sebelisoa bakeng sa ho etsa li-gene cloning, tlhahiso ea protheine e kopantsoeng (mohlala, insulin), le nts'etsopele ea sistimi ea tlhahiso. Likarolo tse holim'a li-plasmid—tse kang tšimoloho ea ho ikatisa, matšoao a khetho, le libaka tse ngata tsa ho etsa li-cloning—li lumella bafuputsi ho laola DNA ka tsela e reriloeng le e sebetsang hantle.
Phetiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e otlolohileng le matla a ho iphetola ha lintho
Ho fapana le lefa le otlolohileng (ho tloha ho motsoali ho ea ho ngoana), li-prokaryote li tsebahala haholo ka phetiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse otlolohileng (HGT). HGT e ka hlaha ka mekhoa e meraro e meholo: phetoho (ho nkuoa ha DNA e lokolohileng), phetisetso (ka bacteriophages), le ho kopana (phetisetso ea DNA ka ho kopana ha sele ho ea ho sele). Tšusumetso e tebile: bokhoni bo bocha bo kang ho hanyetsa lithibela-mafu bo ka ata ka potlako har'a baahi ba baktheria.
Ho baeloji ea limolek'hule le genomics, HGT e hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha li-genome tsa prokaryotic e le "mosaic," tse entsoeng ka likarolo tse nkiloeng mehloling e fapaneng ea ho iphetola ha lintho. Khopolo ena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa pathogenicity, ho hlaha ha mefuta e mecha, le ho ikamahanya le libaktheria ho latela likhatello tsa khetho lipetleleng kapa libakeng tsa temo.
Li-genome tsa Prokaryotic e le mehlala ea baeloji ea limolek'hule
Li-prokaryote—haholo-holo E. coli—li se li sebelelitse e le lintho tse phelang tsa mohlala ka nako e telele hobane li bonolo ho li lema, li ikatisa ka potlako, 'me li fetoloa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Melao-motheo e mengata ea mantlha ea baeloji ea limolek'hule e simoloha lipatlisisong mabapi le libaktheria: khoutu ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, mekhoa ea taolo ea mongolo, sebopeho sa ribosome, le likhopolo tsa phetoho le khetho.
Mehleng ea kajeno, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa prokaryotic le tsona li fetohile motheo oa nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea CRISPR. Sistimi ea CRISPR-Cas qalong e ne e le mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa mafung o ikamahanyang le libaktheria le archaea ho loantša likokoana-hloko (bacteriophages). Ho sibolloa hona hamorao ho ile ha etsoa sesebelisoa sa ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso se ileng sa fetola baeloji ea limolek'hule, temo le lipatlisiso tsa bongaka.
Mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa prokaryotic
Thuto ea li-genome tsa prokaryotic e tsoetse pele ka potlako ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea tatellano ea moloko o latelang (NGS). Li-genome tsa baktheria joale li ka hlophisoa ka nako e khutšoanyane le ka litšenyehelo tse tlase haholo ho feta lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Kamora tatellano, tlhaloso ea li-genome e etsoa ho bolela esale pele li-gene, li-RNA tse sebetsang le likarolo tsa taolo. Bioinformatics e sebelisoa ho bapisa li-genome lipakeng tsa mefuta (li-genomics tse bapisang), ho khetholla li-gene tsa virulence, le ho etsa 'mapa oa litsela tsa metabolism.
Mekhoa ea metagenomic e boetse e lumella bafuputsi ho ithuta lichaba tsa likokoana-hloko ntle le ho arola le ho lema lintho tse phelang ka bomong. Sena se bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho utloisisa microbiome ea mala a motho, likokoana-hloko tsa mobu, kapa likokoana-hloko tsa leoatleng tse bapalang karolo lipotolohong tsa biogeochemical.
Litšebeliso tsa bophelo bo botle, indasteri le tikoloho
Tabeng ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo, ho utloisisa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa prokaryotic ho thusa ho tsebahatsa likokoana-hloko, ho latela seoa sa lefu lena, le ho etsa 'mapa oa ho hanyetsa lithibela-mafu. Ho latellana ho lumella lipetlele ho etsa tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho khetholla mohloli oa tšoaetso ea nosocomial. Ho feta moo, ho sibolloa ha lipheo tse ncha tsa meriana hangata ho itšetlehile ka tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa bohlokoa le litsela tse ikhethang tsa metabolism libaktheria.
Indastering, libaktheria li sebelisoa ho hlahisa li-enzyme, lithibela-mafu, li-acid tsa organic le li-biofuel. Boenjiniere ba genome ea prokaryotic bo lumella ntlafatso ea litsela tsa metabolism ho etsa hore likokoana-hloko li sebetse hantle haholoanyane ho hlahiseng lihlahisoa tse itseng. Lefapheng la tikoloho, likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa ho lokisa lintho tse phelang—mohlala, ho qhaqha ho tšoloha ha oli kapa litšila tsa organic. Li-genome li fana ka leseli mabapi le bokhoni ba ho senya metsoako le maemo a matle bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko.
Ho koala
Li-genome tsa prokaryotic ke fensetere ea bohlokoa ea ho utloisisa mekhoa ea motheo ea bophelo boemong ba limolek'hule, hammoho le senotlolo sa lits'ebetso tse pharaletseng tse sebetsang. Ka meaho ea tsona e bonolo, bongata bo phahameng ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, taolo ea operon, le bokhoni ba ho fetisetsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ka ho rapama, li-prokaryote li sebetsa e le mehlala e etellang pele baelojing ea limolek'hule. Ka tsoelo-pele ea tatellano, metagenomics, le mahlale a ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso joalo ka CRISPR, thuto ea li-genome tsa prokaryotic e tla tsoela pele ho khanna boqapi bophelong bo botle, indastering le botsitsong ba tikoloho. Ka hona, ho utloisisa li-genome tsa prokaryotic ha ho bohlokoa feela bakeng sa saense ea motheo empa hape ho bohlokoa bakeng sa bokamoso ba theknoloji ea baeloji ea sejoale-joale le bongaka.
