Baeloji ea Limolek'hule ea Libaktheria le Likokoana-hloko
Baeloji ea limolek'hule ea libaktheria le likokoana-hloko ke lekala la saense le ithutang lits'ebetso tsa bophelo boemong ba limolek'hule—haholo-holo kamoo tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e bolokoang, e hlahisoang le ho laoloa kateng, le kamoo limolek'hule tsa sele li sebelisanang kateng ho boloka bophelo. Sepheo sa eona sa mantlha se kenyelletsa DNA, RNA, liprotheine, metabolism, le marang-rang a taolo a khethollang boitšoaro ba sele. Ho utloisisa baeloji ea limolek'hule ea likokoana-hloko ho fana ka motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa meriana, temo, indasteri ea lijo, theknoloji ea baeloji le lithuto tsa tikoloho, kaha likokoana-hloko li ameha lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa baeloji le lipotolohong tsa biogeochemical Lefatšeng.
Lintho tsa lefutso le tlhophiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso
Libaktheriang, thepa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka kakaretso e na le chromosome e le 'ngoe e chitja e fumanehang sebakeng sa cytoplasm e bitsoang nucleoid. Ho fapana le lisele tsa eukaryotic, tse nang le nucleus e tlamiloeng ka lera, libaktheria ha li na lera la nyutlelie, kahoo DNA e sebelisana ka ho toba le liprotheine tse tlamang DNA le likarolo tse ling tsa cytoplasm. Ntle le chromosome e kholo, libaktheria hangata li na le li-plasmid, likaroloana tse nyenyane tsa DNA tse chitja tse ka jarang liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ling, tse kang tse fanang ka khanyetso ea lithibela-mafu, lintlha tsa kokoana-hloko, kapa bokhoni bo itseng ba metabolism.
Boholo le ho rarahana ha li-genome tsa likokoana-hloko ho fapana haholo. Libaktheria tse nang le mekhoa e bonolo ea bophelo, joalo ka li-endosymbionts, li atisa ho ba le li-genome tse nyane hobane mesebetsi e mengata e ka "alimiloa" ho moamoheli. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, libaktheria tsa mobu kapa tsa metsing tse lulang libakeng tse fapaneng hangata li na le li-genome tse kholo tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse laolang le tse fetolang metabolism. Likokoana-hlokong tse ling, tse kang archaea le li-fungus tse nyenyane haholo, tlhophiso ea li-genome e ka fapana, empa molao-motheo oa motheo oa ho boloka tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ntse e le DNA e le moralo oa mantlha.
Ho pheta-pheta ha DNA: ho boloka tswelopele ya tlhahisoleseding
Ho pheta-pheta ha DNA ke mokhoa oa ho pheta-pheta lintho tsa lefutso pele ho karohano ea sele. Libaktheria, ho pheta-pheta ho qala qalong e le 'ngoe ea ho pheta-pheta 'me ho tsoela pele ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli, ho latela sebopeho sa "fereko ea ho pheta-pheta". DNA polymerase e eketsa li-nucleotide ho latela lipara tse tlatsanang tsa motheo, ha li-enzyme tse ling, tse kang helicase, li lokolla li-primer tsa DNA helix, primase, le RNA, le ligase, li kopanya likaroloana tsa DNA khoeleng e salang.
Sekhahla sa ho ikatisa ha baktheria se ka ba hodimo haholo, e leng se dumellang karohano e potlakileng tlasa maemo a matle. Leha ho le jwalo, botshepehi ba ho ikatisa bo boetse bo bolokwa ka mekgwa ya ho bala le ho lokisa DNA. Leha ho le jwalo, diphetoho di ntse di ka etsahala mme tsa sebetsa e le mohlodi wa diphatsa tsa lefutso. Moelelong wa phetoho ya dikokwana-hloko, diphetoho tsena di ka ba molemo, tsa se nke lehlakore, kapa tsa baka kotsi—empa tlasa dikgatello tsa kgetho tse kang ho pepesehela dithibela-mafu, diphetoho tse fanang ka kganyetso di kgethwa ka potlako bakeng sa tsona.
Phetolelo le phetolelo: ho tloha liphatseng tsa lefutso ho ea liprotheineng
Ponahalo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho likokoana-hloko e qala ka ho ngoloa ha tlhahisoleseling, e leng mokhoa oa ho kopitsa tlhahisoleseling ho tloha ho DNA ho ea ho RNA. Libaktheria, enzyme ea RNA polymerase e lemoha sebaka sa promoter ho DNA ebe e etsa mRNA. Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea libaktheria ke hore liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ngata li hlophisitsoe ho li-operon, e leng lihlopha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse laoloang ke promoter e le 'ngoe 'me li ngoloa ho ba polycistronic mRNA e le 'ngoe. Mohlala oa operon o lumella libaktheria ho boloka matla le ho arabela ka potlako tikolohong ea tsona, mohlala ka ho kenya tšebetsong li-enzyme tse senyang lactose ha lactose e fumaneha.
Kamora ho ngolwa ha mongolo, phetolelo e etsahala ka har'a ribosome, e fetola mRNA hore e be protheine. Li-ribosome tsa baktheria (70S) li sebetsa le li-tRNA tse jereng li-amino acid tse tsamaellanang le li-codon tsa mRNA. Libaktheriang, phetolelo e ka etsahala hoo e ka bang ka nako e le 'ngoe le phetolelo hobane ha ho na karohano ea sebaka joalo ka li-eukaryotes. Motsoako ona o lumella libaktheria ho arabela kapele liphetohong tsa tikoloho, tse kang khatello ea oxidative kapa khaello ea limatlafatsi.
Taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso: ho ikamahanya le maemo ka katleho
Bokhoni ba dikokwana-hloko ho phela dibakeng tse fapaneng tsa bodulo bo itshetlehile haholo hodima taolo ya dijini. Taolo e ka etsahala boemong ba phetolelo (e tlwaelehileng haholo), phetolelo, le phetoho ya diprotheine kamora phetolelo. Dibaktheria, diprotheine tse laolang di ka sebetsa e le di-repressor (ho thibela phetolelo) kapa di-activator (ho ntlafatsa phetolelo). Ho feta moo, sistimi ya taolo ya dikarolo tse pedi e dumella dibaktheria ho lemoha matshwao a tikoloho ka di-sensor kinase ebe di kenya tshebetsong balaodi ba karabelo ho fetola tlhahiso ya dijini.
Mekhoa ea taolo e boetse e kenyelletsa li-RNA tse nyane, tse ka tlamang ho mRNA ho susumetsa botsitso ba eona kapa katleho ea phetolelo. Likokoana-hlokong tse ngata tse bakang mafu, taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laoleng tšoaetso—mohlala, nako ea ho theha li-biofilm, nako ea ho hlahisa chefo, kapa nako ea ho qoba sesole sa 'mele se amohelang.
Phetisetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e otlolohileng: enjene ea phetoho ea likokoana-hloko
E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse khahlisang ka ho fetisisa tsa baeloji ea limolek'hule tsa baktheria ke phetiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse otlolohileng (HGT), motsamao oa liphatsa tsa lefutso lipakeng tsa lintho tse phelang ntle le ho theoha ka ho toba. HGT e lumella likokoana-hloko ho fumana litšobotsi tse ncha ka potlako, ho kenyeletsoa le ho hanyetsa lithibela-mafu. Mekhoa e meraro e meholo ea HGT ke:
1. Phetoho: dibaktheria di nka DNA e sa lefelloeng tikolohong mme di e kenya ka hara genome.
2. Phetoho: DNA e fetisoa ka bacteriophage (vaerase e tšoaetsang baktheria).
3. Ho kopanya: phetiso ea DNA ka ho kopana ka ho toba pakeng tsa lisele, hangata ho kenyelletsa li-plasmid.
Ka lebaka la HGT, libaktheria li ka theha "marangrang" a rarahaneng a phapanyetsano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Sena se hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha ho hanyetsa lithibela-mafu ho ka ata ka potlako lipetlele kapa mapolasing, haholo-holo ha tšebeliso ea lithibela-mafu e sa laolehe.
Liprotheine, li-enzyme le metabolism: motheo oa ts'ebetso ea sele
Liprotheine ke tsona tse ka sehloohong tse phethang mesebetsi ea sele, 'me liprotheine tse ngata li sebetsa e le li-enzyme, li potlakisa liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa metabolism. Likokoana-hloko li na le litsela tse fapaneng tsa metabolism: tse ling ke tsa aerobic (ho sebelisa oksijene), anaerobic (ntle le oksijene), fermentative, esita le chemolithotrophic, tse fumanang matla ho tsoa metsoakong e sa pheleng e kang ammonia kapa sebabole.
Ho ya ka dimolekhule, ditsela tsa metabolism di laolwa ka thata ka taolo ya dienzyme, ho fumaneha ha substrate, le matshwao a matla a sele jwalo ka ATP. Bokgoni ba metabolism ya dikokwana-hloko bo sebediswa haholo indastering, mohlala, tlhahisong ya yogurt ke dibaktheria tsa lactic acid, tlhahiso ya dithibela-mafu ke di-fungus, kapa tlhahiso ya bioethanol ke tomoso.
Li-biofilm le puisano ea sele: boitšoaro ba sehlopha sa likokoana-hloko
Likokoana-hloko ha li lule li phela e le lisele tse le 'ngoe. Libaktheria tse ngata li theha li-biofilm, e leng metse e khomarelang holim'a metsi 'me e sirelelitsoe ke matrix ea kantle ho 'mele. Li-biofilm li ka thehoa menong (plaque), lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, liphaephe tsa metsi, kapa holim'a majoe linōkeng. Ka har'a li-biofilm, libaktheria li hanela haholoanyane li-disinfectant le lithibela-mafu hobane matrix e thibela ho kenella ha meriana le ka lebaka la boteng ba lisele tse "phehelang" tse nang le metabolism e tlase.
Puisano ea sele ka har'a libaktheria le eona e etsahala ka ho lemoha quorum, sistimi ea lipontšo tsa limolek'hule e lumellang libaktheria ho "lekanya" bongata ba baahi. Ha lets'oao le fihla moeling o itseng, libaktheria li kopanya liphatsa tsa lefutso tse itseng - mohlala, liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa ho thehoa ha biofilm, tlhahiso ea 'mala, kapa lintlha tsa bokuli. Sena se bontša hore boitšoaro ba likokoana-hloko bo ka ba ba sechaba le bo hokahaneng.
Tšebeliso ea likokoana-hloko tse nyenyane ka ho fetisisa baelojing ea limolek'hule
Tsoelo-pele baelojing ea limolek'hule e hlahisa lisebelisoa le mekhoa e fetolang tsela eo re hlahlobang mafu ka eona, e ntlafatsang tlhahiso ea lijo le ho tsosolosa tikoloho. Mekhoa e kang PCR, ho latellana ha liphatsa tsa lefutso, metagenomics, le CRISPR e lumella bafuputsi ho khetholla likokoana-hloko ntle le ho li lema, ho latela ho qhoma ha mafu, le ho etsa li-microorganism ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa, tse kang li-enzyme tsa indasteri kapa liente.
Bophelong ba sechaba, ho utloisisa mekhoa ea ho hanyetsa ke habohlokoa bakeng sa ho rala maano a tšebeliso e bohlale ea lithibela-mafu. Tikolohong, likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa bakeng sa ho lokisa lintho tse silafatsang oli, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, kapa litšepe tse boima ka litsela tse itseng tsa metabolism. Temong, libaktheria tse lokisang naetrojene le likokoana-hloko tse khothalletsang kholo ea limela le tsona li fana ka mekhoa e meng e mosa ho tikoloho ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka manyolo a lik'hemik'hale.
Ho koala
Baeloji ea limolek'hule ea libaktheria le likokoana-hloko e bula fensetere ea ho utloisisa bophelo ka tekanyo e nyane ka ho fetisisa empa e le ka tšusumetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa. Ho tloha ho ikatiseng ha DNA, taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, phetisetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse rapameng, ho ea ho thehoeng ha biofilm, lits'ebetso tsena kaofela li bontša ho ikamahanya le maemo le matla a likokoana-hloko. Mehleng ea kajeno, tsebo ena ha ea bohlokoa feela bakeng sa ho utloisisa ho hanyetsa mafu le lithibela-mafu empa hape e tšehetsa boqapi ba theknoloji ea baeloji, polokeho ea lijo le botsitso ba tikoloho. Ka nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea theknoloji ea limolek'hule, karolo ea likokoana-hloko bophelong ba batho e tla sebelisoa le ho laoloa ka nepo le ka boikarabello.
