Melemo ea Likokoana-hloko bakeng sa Indasteri
Hangata dikokwana-hloko di bonwa e le dibopuwa tse nyane, tse bakang mafu. Leha ho le jwalo, lefatsheng la diindasteri, dikokwana-hloko ke "basebetsi" ba bohlokwa ba thusang batho ho hlahisa dihlahiswa tse fapaneng, ho eketsa bokgoni ba ditshebetso tsa tlhahiso, le ho fokotsa tšilafalo ya tikoloho. Dikokwana-hloko—tse kang dibaktheria, di-fungus, tomoso le bolele bo sa bonahaleng—di na le bokgoni bo fapaneng ba metabolism. Bokgoni bona bo sebediswa ke indasteri ho sebetsana le thepa e tala hore e be dihlahiswa tsa boleng bo hodimo. Sengoloa sena se bua ka melemo ya dikokwana-hloko indastering, ho tloha dijong le meriana ho isa ho taolo ya matla le ditshila.
1. Likokoana-hloko indastering ea lijo le lino
E 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea likokoana-hloko e sebetsang haholo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ke indastering ea lijo. Mekhoa ea ho belisa, e kenyeletsang ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko, e ka ntlafatsa tatso, monko le sebopeho sa lijo, hammoho le ho lelefatsa nako ea tsona ea ho boloka lijo.
Mohlala o tsebahalang haholo ke ho etsa bohobe, moo tomoso Saccharomyces cerevisiae e hlahisang carbon dioxide, e leng se etsang hore hlama e be e phahame. Indastering ea lino tse tahang, likokoana-hloko li bapala karolo tlhahisong ea biri, veine le lino tse ling tse belisitsoeng ka ho hlahisa metsoako ea joala le tatso.
Indonesia, lijo tse fapaneng tsa setso le tsona li itšetlehile ka likokoana-hloko, tse kang tempeh (ka Rhizopus oligosporus), tape (motsoako oa libaktheria tsa tomoso le lactic acid), yogurt (ka Lactobacillus le Streptococcus), le soy sauce (ho belisoa ka mekhahlelo ka li-fungus le libaktheria). Ntle le ho ntlafatsa tatso, ho belisoa ho ka boela ha eketsa boleng ba phepo, mohlala ka ho eketsa ho fumaneha ha livithamine tse itseng kapa ho qhaqha metsoako e thibelang limatlafatsi lijong.
Ka tekanyo ea indasteri, ho belisa ho lumella tlhahiso e tsitsitseng, e laoloang 'me ho boloka matla hantle ha ho bapisoa le lits'ebetso tsa lik'hemik'hale tse hlokang mocheso o phahameng kapa likhatello.
2. Likokoana-hloko bakeng sa tlhahiso ea li-enzyme tsa indasteri
Likokoana-hloko ke lifeme tsa tlhaho tsa li-enzyme. Li-enzyme ke li-catalyst tsa baeloji tse potlakisang liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale. Indasteri ea sejoale-joale e hloka li-enzyme bakeng sa merero e fapaneng hobane li ikhetha, li sebetsa hantle ebile li mosa tikolohong.
Mehlala e meng ea li-enzyme tse hlahisoang ke likokoana-hloko le tšebeliso ea tsona e kenyelletsa:
– Amylase ho qhaqha starch hore e be tsoekere, e sebelisoang indastering ea bohobe, sirapo ea glucose le biri.
– Protease ho qhaqha liprotheine, e sebelisoang haholo indastering ea sesepa, ts'ebetsong ea nama le ho etsa chisi.
– Cellulase ho qhaqha cellulose, e sebediswang diindastering tsa masela, pampiri le bioenergy.
– Lipase ho qhaqha mafura, e sebediswang dijong, disepa le indastering ya ditlolo.
Hangata libaktheria tse kang Bacillus le li-fungus tse kang Aspergillus li khethoa hobane li bonolo ho li lema 'me li khona ho hlahisa li-enzyme tse ngata.
3. Likokoana-hloko indastering ea meriana le bophelo bo botle
Indasteri ea meriana ke e 'ngoe ea masimo a itšetlehileng haholo ka likokoana-hloko. Lithibela-mafu tse kang penicillin li fumanoe ke fungus Penicillium, ha lithibela-mafu tse ling tse ngata li hlahisoa ke libaktheria tsa mobu tse kang Streptomyces. Ho fihlela kajeno, likokoana-hloko li ntse li le mohloli oa metsoako e mecha ea lithibela-mafu le thepa e tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea meriana.
Ntle le lithibela-mafu, likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa ho hlahisa:
– Meento e itseng e hlahisitsoeng ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea temo ea likokoana-hloko kapa boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso.
– Hormone ea insulin hona joale e hlahisoa haholo ho sebelisoa baktheria ea Escherichia coli kapa tomoso ka theknoloji ea DNA e kopantsoeng.
– Livithamine le li-amino acid, tse kang vithamine B12 kapa lysine, tse bohlokoa li-supplement tsa bophelo bo botle le lijong tsa liphoofolo.
Karolo ea likokoana-hloko e ntse e hola ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea baeloji, e leng se lumellang phetoho ea likokoana-hloko ho hlahisa metsoako ea meriana e sebetsang hantle le e sireletsehileng haholoanyane.
4. Likokoana-hloko indastering ea matla: biofuel le biogas
Tlhoko e ntseng e hola ea matla e khanna nts'etsopele ea mehloli ea matla a nchafatsoang. Likokoana-hloko li fana ka tharollo ka tlhahiso ea biofuel. Mohlala, tomoso e ka fetola tsoekere hore e be ethanol, e ka sebelisoang e le mafura (bioethanol). Bioethanol e ka hlahisoa ka 'moba, poone, cassava, kapa litšila tse ling tsa temo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata.
Ho phaella moo, dikokwana-hloko tse sa keneng moya di phetha karolo tlhahisong ya biogas, motswako wa dikhase tse entsweng haholo-holo ka methane. Biogas e hlahiswa ka ho bola ha ditshila tsa tlhaho tse kang manyolo a diphoofolo, masalla a dijo, kapa ditshila tsa temo. Tshebetso ena ha e hlahise matla feela empa hape e fokotsa bongata ba ditshila le monko, mme e hlahisa masalla a ka sebediswang e le manyolo.
Mefuta e meng ea bolele le eona e na le bokhoni ba ho hlahisa oli e ka sebelisoang ho etsa biodiesel. Leha litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso li ntse li le thata, lipatlisiso li ntse li tsoela pele ho etsa hore bioenergy e thehiloeng ho likokoana-hloko e be ea tlholisano haholoanyane.
5. Likokoana-hloko bakeng sa kalafo ea litšila le ho li lokisa ka lintho tse phelang
Indasteri e hlahisa litšila tse metsi le tse tiileng tse ka silafatsang tikoloho. Likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa kalafong ea metsi a litšila ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona ba ho bola lintho tse phelang le lik'hemik'hale tse ling tse kotsi.
Libakeng tsa kalafo ea metsi a litšila, libaktheria li bolisa lintho tse phelang, li fokotsa maemo a litšila. Mekhoa e kang seretse se butsoeng e sebelisa lihlopha tsa likokoana-hloko tse "jang" litšila tsa tlhaho. Ho feta moo, likokoana-hloko tse itseng li khona ho tlama kapa ho fetola metsoako e chefo, joalo ka litšepe tse boima, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, kapa li-hydrocarbon tsa peterole.
Ho lokisa lintho tse phelang—ho tsosolosa tikoloho e silafetseng ho sebelisoa likokoana-hloko—ho ’nile ha sebelisoa haholo mobung kapa metsing a silafalitsoeng ke oli. Molemo oa eona ke hore e sireletsa tikoloho ho feta mekhoa ea ’mele kapa ea lik’hemik’hale, e leng se behang kotsing ea ho baka masalla a mang.
6. Likokoana-hloko temong ea indasteri le lijong tsa liphoofolo
Indastering ea temo, likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa e le li-biofertilizer le li-agent tsa taolo ea baeloji. Libaktheria tse lokisang naetrojene tse kang Rhizobium li thusa ho fa limela naetrojene, li fokotsa ho itšetleha ka menontsha ea lik'hemik'hale. Li-fungus tsa mycorrhizal li thusa ho monya metsi le liminerale, li ntlafatsa kholo ea limela, haholo-holo mobung o nonneng haholo.
Indastering ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang, likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa tlhahisong ea lijo tse belisitsoeng le li-probiotic. Li-probiotic tse thehiloeng ho Lactobacillus kapa Bacillus li ka thusa ho sila ha liphoofolo, tsa ntlafatsa katleho ea lijo, le ho fokotsa kotsi ea mafu, ka hona tsa fokotsa tšebeliso ea lithibela-mafu.
7. Karolo ea likokoana-hloko indastering ea masela, pampiri le lik'hemik'hale
Likokoana-hloko le tsona li bapala karolo indastering e seng ea lijo. Li-enzyme tsa likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa ho lokisa masela ka ho a etsa hore a be boreleli le ho fokotsa likhoele tse mahoashe. Indastering ea pampiri, li-enzyme tse kang xylanase li thusa ts'ebetsong ea ho soeufatsa pulp, li fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale tse matla, tse kotsi tikolohong.
Indastering ea lik'hemik'hale, likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa ho hlahisa li-acid tsa tlhaho tse kang citric acid (hangata e tsoang ho Aspergillus niger), lactic acid (bakeng sa polasetiki e bolang/PLA), hammoho le li-solvents le metsoako ea monko. Tlhahiso e thehiloeng ho likokoana-hloko hangata e bitsoa "khemistri e tala" hobane e ka fokotsa mesi e tsoang le litšila tse chefo.
Qetello
Likokoana-hloko li fana ka melemo e meholo indastering ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona ba ho etsa lits'ebetso tsa baeloji tse sebetsang hantle, tse ikhethileng, le tse mosa tikolohong. Ho tloha tlhahisong ea lijo le tlhahiso ea li-enzyme ho ea ho meriana, ho ea kalafong ea litšila le matla a nchafatsoang, likokoana-hloko ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsoelo-pele ea indasteri ea sejoale-joale. Ka nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea baeloji le boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, ts'ebeliso ea likokoana-hloko e lebelletsoe ho atoloha, e leng se fellang ka lihlahisoa tse tsitsitseng haholoanyane, tse bolokang matla le tse mosa tikolohong. Kahoo, likokoana-hloko ha se lintho tse nyane feela tseo u lokelang ho li ela hloko, empa hape ke balekane ba maano makaleng a fapaneng a indasteri.
