Livaerase ke lintho tse tšoaetsanoang tse nyenyane haholo tse ka ikatisang feela ka har'a lisele tse phelang. Ho ikatisa ha vaerase ho fapana eseng feela le tsela eo lintho tse ling tse phelang li ikatisang ka eona, empa hape ho itšetlehile haholo ka mofuta oa vaerase le moamoheli eo li mo tšoaetsang. Sengoloa sena se tla hlalosa ka botlalo kamoo livaerase li ikatisang kateng, se akaretsa mekhahlelo e meholo ea potoloho ea bophelo ba vaerase, liphetoho mekhoeng ea ho ikatisa har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea livaerase, le litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ena.
Mehato ea Potoloho ea Bophelo ba Vaerase
Potoloho ea bophelo ba vaerase e na le mekhahlelo e 'maloa e meholo: ho khomarela, ho kenella, ho ikatisa, ho bokana le ho lokolloa. Leha lintlha tsa lits'ebetso tsena li fapana ho latela mofuta oa vaerase, likokoana-hloko tsohle li latela mokhoa ona oa motheo oa ho ikatisa.
1. Sehokelo
Mokhahlelo oa pele oa potoloho ea bophelo ba vaerase ke ho khomarela, moo vaerase e lemohang le ho itlama ho li-receptor tse itseng holim'a sele ea moamoheli. Li-receptor tsena hangata ke liprotheine kapa limolek'hule tsa lik'habohaedreite tse fumanehang ka har'a lera la sele ea moamoheli 'me li etsa mesebetsi e tloaelehileng ka har'a sele. Livaerase li fetohile ho lemoha li-receptor tsena le ho li tlama ka matla a phahameng.
Mohlala: Vaerase ea HIV e lemoha le ho khomarela liprotheine tsa CD4 le CCR5 kapa CXCR4 tse holim'a lisele tsa T tsa batho, tse leng karolo ea sesole sa 'mele.
2. Ho kenella
Kamora ho khomarela sele ea moamoheli, vaerase kapa lintho tsa eona tsa lefutso li tlameha ho kena seleng ea moamoheli. Ho na le mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng ea ho kenella ho latela mofuta oa vaerase:
- Ho Kopanngoa ha Membrane: Livaerase tse nang le li-envelope tsa lipid, tse kang HIV le livaerase tsa ntaramane, li ka kopanya li-envelope tsa tsona le lera la sele ea moamoheli, e leng se lumellang thepa ea lefutso ea vaerase ho kena ka seleng.
- Endocytosis: Livaerase tse ngata tse sa koaheloang, tse kang li-adenovirus, li kena liseleng tsa moamoheli ka mokhoa oa endocytosis, moo sele ea moamoheli e koahelang vaerase ka har'a vesicle.
- Ente: Li-bacteriophage tse ling li kenya DNA ea tsona ka ho toba libaktheriang ka mehatla ea tsona ea phage.
3. Ho pheta-pheta le ho kopanya
Hang ha e se e kene ka hara sele ya moamoheli, vaerase e qala ho sebedisa metjhini ya sele ya moamoheli ho pheta diphatsa tsa yona tsa lefutso le ho kopanya diprotheine tsa vaerase. Tshebetso ena e fapana ho latela mofuta wa vaerase:
- Vaerase ea DNA: Livaerase tsa DNA, tse kang li-adenovirus, li sebelisa li-enzyme tsa DNA tse ikatisang tsa sele ea moamoheli ho ikatisa DNA ea vaerase le li-ribosome tsa sele ea moamoheli ho etsa liprotheine tsa vaerase.
- Livaerase tsa RNA: Livaerase tsa RNA, tse kang livaerase tsa ntaramane, li na le enzyme ea tsona e bitsoang RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ho ikatisa RNA ea vaerase.
- Retrovirus: Li-retrovirus, tse kang HIV, li sebelisa enzyme reverse transcriptase ho fetolela RNA ea vaerase ho DNA, e ntan'o kopanngoa le genome ea sele ea moamoheli ke enzyme integrase.
4. Kopano
Kamora ho ikatisa le ho kopanya, dikarolo tse sa tswa hlahiswa tsa vaerase di kopanngwa ho ba dikarolwana tse ntjha tsa vaerase. Tshebetso ena e kenyeletsa ho kopanngwa ha asiti ya nucleic ya vaerase le diprotheine tsa capsid mme, maemong a mang, ho thehwa ha enfelopo ya lipid le diprotheine tsa enfelopo.
5. Tokollo
Mokhahlelo oa ho qetela oa potoloho ea bophelo ba vaerase ke ho lokolloa ha likaroloana tse ncha tsa vaerase ho tsoa seleng ea moamoheli. Mokhoa oa ho lokolloa o itšetlehile ka mofuta oa vaerase:
- Lysis ea sele: Livaerase tse ngata tse sa koaheloang, tse kang bacteriophage T4, li baka hore sele ea moamoheli e phatlohe (lysis) ho lokolla likaroloana tse ncha tsa vaerase.
- Exocytosis: Livaerase tse nang le li-envelope, tse kang livaerase tsa HIV le ntaramane, hangata li lokolloa ka mokhoa o bitsoang exocytosis kapa budding, moo likaroloana tsa kokoana-hloko li tsoang sele e amohelang ntle le ho e senya.
Mefuta e fapaneng ea Mekhoa ea ho Ikatisa ea Livaerase
Leha mokhoa oa motheo oa ho ikatisa ha vaerase o latela mehato e boletsoeng ka holimo, ho na le phapang e kholo har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea vaerase mekhoeng ea eona ea ho ikatisa. Mehlala e meng ea phapang ena ke ena:
1. Bacteriophage
Li-bacteriophages, kapa li-phage, ke likokoana-hloko tse tšoaetsang libaktheria. Li na le lipotoloho tse peli tse kholo tsa bophelo: lytic le lysogenic.
- Potoloho ea Lytic: Mothating oa lytic, li-phage li nka mechine ea sele ea baktheria ho hlahisa likaroloana tse ncha tsa vaerase, qetellong li lebisa ho lysis ea sele ea baktheria le ho lokolloa ha likaroloana tse ncha tsa phage.
- Potoloho ea Lysogenic: Potolohong ea lysogenic, phage DNA e kopantsoe le genome ea baktheria 'me e ikatisa hammoho le DNA ea baktheria. Phage e lula e robetse ho fihlela e bakoa ke maemo a itseng ho kena potolohong ea lytic.
2. Retrovirus
Li-retrovirus, joalo ka HIV, li na le potoloho e ikhethang ea bophelo e kenyeletsang ho kopanngoa ha DNA ea vaerase ho genome ea sele ea moamoheli. Sena se lumella vaerase ho ipata ka har'a genome ea moamoheli le ho ikatisa hammoho le DNA ea moamoheli, e leng se bakang tšoaetso e sa foleng eo ho leng thata ho e phekola.
3. Livaerase tsa RNA tse nang le Polarity e mpe
Livaerase tsa RNA tse nang le polarity e mpe, joalo ka livaerase tsa ntaramane, li na le enzyme ea tsona ea RNA polymerase ho hlahisa RNA e ntle-e mpe (mRNA) ho tsoa li-genome tsa tsona tsa RNA tse mpe-e mpe. Sena se fapana le livaerase tsa RNA tse nang le polarity e ntle, tseo li-genome tsa tsona li ka sebelisoang ka ho toba e le mRNA ke li-ribosome tsa sele ea moamoheli.
Litlamorao tsa ho Ikatisa ha Livaerase
Ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa ha vaerase e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba batho, liphoofolo le limela, hammoho le tikoloho ka kakaretso.
1. Mafu le Mafu a Seoa
Ho ikatisa ha vaerase ka katleho le ka potlako ho ka lebisa ho qhomeng ha mafu le mafu a seoa. Mohlala o totobetseng ka ho fetisisa ke seoa sa COVID-19 se bakoang ke vaerase ea SARS-CoV-2. Bokhoni ba vaerase ba ho ikatisa ka potlako le ho hasana lipakeng tsa batho ka bomong bo etsa hore e be tšokelo e kholo bophelong ba sechaba.
2. Ho Hanela Lithethefatsi
Liphetoho tse etsahalang nakong ea ho ikatisa ha vaerase li ka lebisa ho hlaheng ha mefuta e fapaneng ea vaerase e hanyetsanang le meriana. Ena ke phephetso e kholo kalafong ea tšoaetso ea vaerase e kang HIV le hepatitis C, moo mefuta e fapaneng e hanyetsanang e ka fokotsang katleho ea kalafo ea antiviral.
3. Kalafo ea Liphatsa tsa Lefutso le Liente
Ho utloisisa mekhoa ea ho ikatisa ha vaerase ho nolofalitse nts'etsopele ea phekolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le liente. Livaerase tse fetotsoeng li ka sebelisoa ho isa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse phekolang liseleng tsa bakuli, 'me liente tsa vaerase tse fokolitsoeng kapa tse sa sebetseng li ka susumetsa karabelo ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ntle le ho baka lefu.
Qetello
Ho ikatisa ha vaerase ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng e kenyeletsang likamano tse rarahaneng pakeng tsa vaerase le lisele tse amohelang. Leha ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea mekhoa ea ho ikatisa har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea vaerase, vaerase tsohle li latela mokhoa oa motheo oa ho khomarela, ho kenella, ho ikatisa, ho bokella le ho lokolla. Kutloisiso e felletseng ea lits'ebetso tsena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho nts'etsapele maano a sebetsang a ho laola tšoaetso ea vaerase, ho phekola mafu a vaerase le ho sebelisa likokoana-hloko bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse molemo tsa theknoloji ea baeloji. Ho ikatisa ha vaerase ha ho senole feela limakatso tsa tlhaho empa hape ho re phephetsa ho tsoela pele ho batla litharollo tse ncha tsa litšokelo tsa vaerase nakong e tlang.
