Li-acid tse fokolang le metheo e fokolang: Litšobotsi, Mehlala le Litšebeliso Bophelong ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi
Pendahuluan
K'hemistri, li-acid le li-base ke lihlopha tse peli tsa lintho tse nang le litšobotsi tse ikhethang le mesebetsi ea bohlokoa liketsong tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale. Li-acid le li-base li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse ling e le tse matla le tse fokolang, ho latela bokhoni ba tsona ba ho arola li-proton (H⁺) kapa li-ion tsa hydroxide (OH⁻) ka har'a tharollo ea metsi. Sengoloa sena se tla tšohla li-acid tse fokolang le li-base tse fokolang ka botlalo, ho kenyeletsoa litšobotsi tsa tsona, mehlala le ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi.
Litšobotsi tsa Li-acid tse Fokolang
Li-acid tse fokolang ke li-acid tse sa arohaneng ka botlalo ka tharollo ea metsi. Sena se bolela hore li lokolla karolo e itseng feela ea liprothone tsa tsona tse fumanehang (H⁺). Sena se fapane le li-acid tse matla, tse arohanang ka ho feletseng. Tekanyo ea ho arohana ha asiti e fokolang e hlalosoa ke kamehla ea ho arohana ha asiti (Ka), moo boleng bo bonyenyane ba Ka bo bontšang asiti e fokolang.
Mehlala ea li-acid tse fokolang e kenyelletsa acetic acid (CH₃COOH), citric acid (C₆H₈O₇), le carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). A re shebeng mehlala e meng ka botlalo:
1. Asiti ea Acetic (CH₃COOH)
– Mohloli: Karolo e ka sehloohong ka aseneng.
– Ka: 1.8 × 10⁻⁵.
– Tšebeliso: Sehloekisi sa lapeng, se bolokang lijo, le sethibela-mafu k'hemistri ea lintho tse phelang.
2. Asiti ea Citric (C₆H₈O₇)
– Mohloli: E fumaneha ditholwaneng tsa citrus tse kang dilamunu le dilamunu.
– Ka: E fapana hobane asiti ea citric e na le liprothone tse tharo tse ka lokolloang, ka Ka₁ = 7.4 × 10⁻⁴.
– Tšebeliso: E le sesebelisoa sa ho boloka lijo, se ntlafatsang tatso e bolila, le tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo.
3. Asiti ea Khabone (H₂CO₃)
– Mohloli: E entsoe ka ditharollo tsa carbon dioxide ka metsing, jwalo ka dinong tse nang le khabone.
– Ka: Ka₁ = 4.3 × 10⁻⁷.
– Tšebeliso: Ho boloka tekanyo ea acid-base maling, lino tse nang le carbonate.
Litšobotsi tsa Metheo e Fokolang
Motheo o fokolang ke motheo o sa arohaneng ka ho feletseng ka tharollo ea metsi. Joalo ka li-acid tse fokolang, metheo e fokolang le eona e na le motheo o matla oa conjugate le motheo o sa fetoheng (Kb), moo boleng bo bonyenyane ba Kb bo bontšang motheo o fokolang.
Mehlala ea metheo e fokolang e kenyelletsa ammonia (NH₃), methylamine (CH₃NH₂), le metsi (H₂O). Mona ke metheo e fokolang ka botlalo:
1. Ammonia (NH₃)
– Mohloli: E entsoe ka ho bola ha lintho tse phelang 'me e fumaneha lihlahisoa tsa ho hloekisa malapeng.
– Kb: 1.8 × 10⁻⁵.
– Tšebeliso: Manyolo, sesebelisoa sa ho hlwekisa, le sepholitsi tsamaisong ea ho hatsetsa ea ammonia.
2. Methylamine (CH₃NH₂)
– Mohlodi: E bopilwe ka mekgwa ya ho bedisa mme e le reagent ka ho kopanya dikhemikhale.
– Kb: 4.4 × 10⁻⁴.
– Tšebeliso: Ho kopanya chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, meriana le dae.
3. Metsi (H₂O)
– Mohloli: E hlaha ka tlhaho tikolohong.
– Kb: E nyane haholo, hobane metsi a sebetsa e le motheo o fokolang haholo karabelong ea ho qhibiliha ha 'mele.
– Tšebeliso: Sethapo se akaretsang bakeng sa lik'hemik'hale, ho noa, le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi.
Karabelo e Fokolang ea Asiti le Motheo o Fokolang
Likarabelo pakeng tsa li-acid tse fokolang le metheo e fokolang li atisa ho ba tse fokolang ho feta liketso pakeng tsa li-acid tse matla le metheo e matla. Karabelo ena e hlahisa letsoai le metsi ts'ebetsong e tsejoang e le neutralization. Leha ho le joalo, neutralization pakeng tsa asiti e fokolang le metheo e fokolang ha se kamehla e hlahisang tharollo e sa nke lehlakore hobane lihlahisoa tse hlahisoang li ka ba le thepa ea asiti kapa ea motheo ho latela matla a lekanyelitsoeng a asiti le metheo.
Mohlala, karabelo pakeng tsa asiti ea acetic (asiti e fokolang) le ammonia (motheo o fokolang) e hlahisa ammonium acetate:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{NH}_3 \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COO}^- + \text{NH}_4^+ \]
Litšebeliso Bophelong ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi
1. Taolo ea pH 'Meleng
– Asiti ya khabone le bicarbonate (metheo e kopaneng) di bapala karolo ya bohlokwa tsamaisong ya ho boloka madi e bolokang pH ya madi ka hara sebaka se moqotetsane sa hoo e ka bang 7.4.
2. Indasteri ea Lijo le Lino
– Asiti ea citric e sebelisoa indastering ea lijo le lino ho eketsa tatso le ho boloka lintho li le joalo. Ammonia e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse ling tsa ho belisa.
3. Tlhoekiso ea Lelapa
– Metswako e kang asetiki e ka hara asene e sebediswa e le dihlwekisi tsa tlhaho, ha ammonia e fumanwa dihlahisweng tsa ho hlwekisa ho tlosa matheba le menko.
4. Temo
– Ammonia ke karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea menontsha ea naetrojene, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa kholo ea limela.
5. Meriana le Meriana
– Meriana e mengata e sebelisa metsoako e tsoang ho li-acid tse fokolang le metheo e fokolang ho eketsa katleho kapa ho laola pH ea motsoako.
Qetello
Li-acid le metheo e fokolang li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa likarolong tse fapaneng tsa bophelo, ho tloha mesebetsing ea baeloji ho ea lits'ebetsong tsa indasteri. Leha li sa arohane ka botlalo tharollong ea metsi, bokhoni ba tsona ba ho nka karolo liketsong tsa lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso bo bontša bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa litšobotsi tsena. Ka ho utloisisa li-acid le metheo e fokolang hamolemo, re ka li sebelisa hamolemo masimong a fapaneng.
