Meaho ea Postmodern: Ho Keteka Mefuta-futa le Phapang Moralong
Meaho ea morao-rao e hlahile e le karabelo melao-motheong e thata le e sa hloekang ea meaho ea sejoale-joale e neng e busa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. Mokhatlo ona, o hlahileng bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960 'me o atleha lilemong tsa bo-1970 le bo-1980, o keteka mefuta-futa, phapang le bongata ba meralo ea meaho. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba nalane, litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa, le mehlala e hlahelletseng ea meaho ea morao-rao, hammoho le tšusumetso ea eona thutong ea meaho ka kakaretso.
Nalane le Semelo
Meaho ea sejoale-joale, e bululetsoeng haholo ke melao-motheo ea Bauhaus le Le Corbusier, e ile ea hatisa bonolo, ts'ebetso, le ts'ebeliso ea thepa e ncha joalo ka tšepe le khalase. Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tse mashome tse latelang Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, litsebi tse ngata tsa meralo li ile tsa qala ho ikutloa hore motsamao ona o tiile haholo 'me ha oa ka oa lumella sebaka se lekaneng bakeng sa polelo ea motho ka mong le ea moelelo.
Meaho ea morao-rao e hlahile e le karabelo ea mefokolo ena. Robert Venturi, e mong oa bo-pula-maliboho ba mokhatlo ona, o ile a buella tlhoko ea ho rarahana le ho hanyetsana meahong. Buka ea hae ea bohlokoa, "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture" (1966), e ile ea fetoha manifesto e ileng ea phephetsa lithuto tsa mehleng ea kajeno 'me ea bula tsela bakeng sa botle bo bocha, bo kenyeletsang le bo fapaneng haholoanyane.
Litšobotsi tse ka Sehloohong tsa Meaho ea Postmodern
Meaho ea morao-rao ke mokete oa mefuta-futa ea sebopeho, 'mala le moelelo. Litšobotsi tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa li e khetholla ho metsamao ea pele.
1. Eclecticism: Ho ena le ho latela setaele se le seng, meaho ya postmodern e kopanya dikarolo le mekgwa e tswang mehla le ditso tse fapaneng. Sena se ka kenyeletsa ho aha difahleho tse kopanyang dikarolo tsa kgale le thepa ya sejwalejwale kapa motswako wa mekgabiso ya setso le dibopeho tsa jeometri tsa sejwalejwale.
2. Mekhabiso le Tšoantšetso: Ho fapana le mekhabiso e fokolang ea mehleng ea kajeno, meaho ea postmodern hangata e ruile mekhabiso. Lintho tsena ha se mekhabiso feela empa li boetse li tletse matšoao, hangata li bua ka maemo a itseng a nalane kapa a setso.
3. Mefuta e Fapaneng le e Fapaneng: Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea meralo ea ka morao ho mehla ea kajeno ke tšebeliso ea mefuta e sa tloaelehang, eo hangata e fapaneng. Sena se ka bonoa ka ho haha mahlakore a ka pele a kopanyang libopeho tse fapaneng tsa jeometri tse bonahalang li sa tloaeleha empa li etsa tumellano ea pono.
4. Mebala e Metenya: Meaho ea morao-rao ha e tšabe ho sebelisa mebala e metenya le e khahlang. Mebala ena ha e ntlafatse botle ba moaho feela empa e boetse e fana ka boitsebahatso bo matla le bo bonahalang habonolo.
5. Bapala ka Moelelo: Meaho ea morao-rao hangata e batla ho sebelisana le moelelo oa eona oa tikoloho, ebang ke ka ho beoa ha mehaho, kamano ea eona le sebaka se e potileng, kapa lipuisano tsa eona le mehaho e seng e ntse e le teng.
Mehlala e Ikhethang ea Meaho ea Kamora Nako ea Sejoale-joale
Mehlala e meng ea mehaho ea postmodern e tummeng lefatšeng ka bophara e bonts'a litšobotsi tse boletsoeng ka holimo 'me e bontša kamoo meralo ea postmodern e siileng letšoao la eona metseng e fapaneng.
1. Piazza d'Italia, New Orleans: E entsoe ke Charles Moore ka 1978, Piazza d'Italia ke mohlala o qotsitsoeng khafetsa oa meralo ea postmodern. Ha e kopanya likarolo tsa khale tsa Italy le mebala e khanyang le thepa ea sejoale-joale, piazza e fetohile letšoao la postmodernism ka botle ba eona bo fapaneng le letšoao le matla.
2. Moaho oa AT&T (oo hona joale e leng Sony Tower), New York: Moaho ona o entsoe ke Philip Johnson le John Burgee, o phethiloe ka 1984. Tšobotsi ea oona e ikhethang ke "top ea Chippendale," marulelo a tšoanang le mekhabiso ea thepa ea khale ea Senyesemane. Moaho ona o bontša kamoo meralo ea postmodern e ka tsosolosang likarolo tsa setso moelelong oa sejoale-joale.
3. Moaho oa Portland, Portland: O entsoe ke Michael Graves 'me oa phethoa ka 1982, Moaho oa Portland ke mosebetsi o mong o tummeng oa meralo ea postmodern. Ka tšebeliso ea oona e sebete ea mebala le libopeho tse fapaneng tsa jeometri, moaho ona o bontša kamoo meralo ea postmodern e ka fanang ka boitsebiso bo matla ba pono bakeng sa mehaho ea mmuso.
4. Gehry Residence, Santa Monica: Ntlo ena ea poraefete ea setsebi sa meralo ea meralo Frank Gehry ke mohlala oa pele oa meralo ea meralo ea ho felisa lintho tse ka sebelisoang, e leng sekolo se senyenyane sa postmodernism. Ka motsoako oa eona oa thepa e sa tloaelehang joalo ka tšepe e kobehileng, lehong le khalase, Gehry Residence e bontša kamoo meralo ea postmodern e ka hlalosang bocha mohopolo oa lehae.
Tšusumetso le Tlhahlobo
Meaho ea morao-rao e bile le tšusumetso e kholo lefatšeng la meaho ka ho khothaletsa ho buleha, liteko le mefuta-futa ea meralo. Baqapi ba meralo ba bacha ba ile ba susumetsoa ho hlahloba meeli e mecha le ho hlalosa sebaka bocha le ho bopa ka har'a moelelo o pharaletseng.
Leha ho le jwalo, jwalo ka motsamao ofe kapa ofe, meaho ya postmodern le yona e tobane le kganyetso. Bahlahlobisisi ba bang ba pheha kgang ya hore ho fapana ha mekgabiso le tshebediso e feteletseng ya mekgabiso ho ka lebisa ho ferekane le tahlehelo ya ponahalo ya moelelo bakeng sa meaho. Hape ho na le matshwenyeho a hore matshwao a sebediswang meahong ya postmodern ka dinako tse ding a hlaka haholo kapa a thata hore setjhaba ka kakaretso se a utlwisise.
Bokamoso ba Meaho ea Kamora Nako ea Sejoale-joale
Leha tlhoro ea eona e bile qetellong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, melao-motheo ea meralo ea kaho ea morao-rao e ntse e le ea bohlokoa le kajeno. Nakong eo ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše le theknoloji ho tsoelang pele ho fetola tikoloho ea litoropo, mefuta-futa le bongata bo totobatsoang ke meralo ea kaho ea morao-rao e ka ba mohloli oa khothatso bakeng sa ho sebetsana le liphephetso tse ncha.
Litsebi tsa meralo ea mehleng ena hangata li kopanya likarolo tsa morao-rao le theknoloji e tsoetseng pele le monahano o tsitsitseng ho etsa meralo e seng feela e khahlisang botle empa hape e sebetsang le e mosa ho tikoloho. Mohlala, merero ea meralo e tala e kopanyang likarolo tsa tlhaho le moralo oa mehleng ena e ka bonoa e le ntšetso-pele ea moea oa liteko le mefuta-futa e khothalletsoang ke meralo ea morao-rao.
Qetello
Meaho ea Postmodern ke mokhatlo o tlisitseng 'mala o mocha le bophelo lefatšeng la meaho qetellong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. Ka ho keteka mefuta-futa, phapang le bongata, meaho ea postmodern e butse tsela bakeng sa tlhahiso e pharaletseng le e tebileng ea boqapi. Ho sa tsotellehe ho tobana le ho nyatsuoa, tšusumetso ea eona e ntse e utloahala le kajeno, 'me melao-motheo ea eona e ntse e le ea bohlokoa ho tobaneng le liphephetso tsa meaho ea mehleng ea kajeno. Joalokaha ho rutiloe ke bo-pula-maliboho ba mokhatlo, meaho e mabapi le ho hlophisa likarolo tse fapaneng hore e be tumellano e seng feela e ntle ho shebahala empa hape e fanang ka moelelo le boitsebahatso ho batho ba lulang ho eona.
