Mekhoa ea Tlhahlobo ea Mongolo Lithutong tsa Anthropology
Thutong ea batho, "mongolo" ha se kamehla o bolelang ho ngola ka kutloisiso e moqotetsane. Lingoloa li ka kenyelletsa polokelo ea libuka tsa bokolone, lintlha tsa tšimo, lingoliloeng tsa lipuisano, libuka tse halalelang, mantsoe a lipina, lingoliloeng tsa mecha ea litaba ea sechaba, li-meme, esita le lipuisano tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse tlalehiloeng. Thuto ea batho e talima lingoloa e le mesaletsa ea moelelo e hlahisoang, e ajoang, e phehisanoang, le e buisanoang bophelong ba sechaba. Ka hona, tlhahlobo ea mongolo ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho utloisisa kamoo sechaba se hahang boitsebahatso, matla, boitšoaro le tsebo.
Tlhahlobo ea mongolo thutong ea batho e ikemiseditse ho hokahanya mantsoe le moelelo: hore na ke mang ea buang, ho mang, boemong bofe, ho sebelisoa mokhoa ofe, le hore na ke liphello life tsa sechaba tse hlahang polelong kapa sengoliloeng. Ho fapana le mekhoa e hlahlobang feela "litaba" tsa sengoloa, thuto ea batho e sekamela ho belaella ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea sengoloa, likamano tsa matla tse tsamaeang le sona, le hore na sengoloa se sebelisoa joang bakeng sa ketso ea sechaba.
1. Tlhahlobo ea Dikahare
Tlhahlobo ea litaba ke mokhoa o khethollang lihlooho, lihlopha le mekhoa ea ho hlaha ha mantsoe kapa mehopolo ka har'a pokello ea lingoloa. Thutong ea batho, tlhahlobo ea litaba hangata e sebelisoa ho hlalosa litekanyetso kapa litaba tse itseng—mohlala, kamoo mecha ea litaba ea lehae e hlalosang bajaki kateng, kamoo litokomane tsa mmuso li buang ka “bofuma,” kapa kamoo lichaba tsa inthanete li buisanang ka bong kateng.
Mokhoa ona e ka ba oa bongata (ho bala maqhubu a lentsoe/theme) kapa oa boleng (ho toloka lihlopha ka botebo). Molemo oa oona ke hore o thusa bafuputsi ho theha limmapa tsa theme tse hlophisitsoeng ho tsoa liseteng tse kholo tsa data. Leha ho le joalo, bothata ba oona ke kotsi ea ho fokotsa moelelo haeba moelelo oa sechaba le mekhoa ea puo li hlokomolohuoa. Thutong ea batho, tlhahlobo ea litaba hangata e ruisoa ka tsebo ea morabe ho netefatsa hore lihlopha tse entsoeng li tsamaellana le kamoo lichaba tsa lehae li utloisisang mantsoe kateng.
2. Tlhahlobo ea Lipuisano
Tlhahlobo ea lipuo e talima puo e le mokhoa oa sechaba o bopang 'nete, eseng feela pontšo ea eona. Bafuputsi ba hlahloba kamoo lipuo tse itseng li fetohang "tse utloahalang," tse tloaelehileng, kapa tse busang, le kamoo tse ling li khetholloang kateng. Thutong ea anthropology ea lipolotiki le lithutong tsa nts'etsopele, mohlala, tlhahlobo ea lipuo e sebelisoa ho hlahloba kamoo mantsoe a kang "matlafatso," "sejoale-joale," kapa "bohatelli" a hlahisoang litokomaneng tsa leano le lipuong, 'me ka hona a ama mananeo le litokisetso tsa sechaba.
Tlhahlobo ea lipuo e boetse e shebana le maemo a sehlooho: hore na ke mang ea nkoang a filoe matla a ho bua, hore na ke mang ea behiloeng e le "bothata," le hore na likamano tsa matla li sebetsa joang ka khetho ea mantsoe, papiso le sebopeho sa ngangisano. Mokhoa ona o thusa haholo ho sibolla likhopolo-taba tse patiloeng ka morao ho puo ea semmuso le ea sechaba.
3. Tlhahlobo ea Lipale
Batho ba utloisisa lefats'e ka lipale: lipale tsa tšimoloho, liphihlelo tsa bokuli, maeto a bophelo, kapa lipale tsa katleho le ho hloleha. Tlhahlobo ea pale e ithuta kamoo lipale li hlophisitsoeng kateng, lipale tse bōpiloeng, libapali li behiloeng ka tsela e itseng le boitšoaro bo entsoeng kateng. Thutong ea batho ba bongaka, mohlala, tlhahlobo ea pale e thusa ho utloisisa kamoo bakuli ba hlalosang bokuli ba bona kateng—ebang ke "teko," "thohako," kapa "phello ea mosebetsi"—e leng se susumetsang likhetho tsa phekolo.
Mokhoa ona o totobatsa sebopeho le mosebetsi oa pale, eseng linnete feela. Bafuputsi ba botsa: ke likarolo life tse hatisoang, ke likarolo life tse siiloeng, maikutlo a hahoa joang, le hore na pale e buisana joang ka mekhoa ea setso. Liphetho hangata li senola likamano lipakeng tsa liphihlelo tsa botho le meaho e pharaletseng ea sechaba.
4. Tlhahlobo ea Semiotiki le Matšoao
Thuto ea Semiotiki e ithuta matšoao, matšoao, le hore na moelelo o thehoa joang ka kamano pakeng tsa libopeho tsa matšoao (libopeho) le libopeho tsa maikutlo (likhopolo). Thutong ea batho, mokhoa oa tšoantšetso o talima lingoliloeng e le marang-rang a matšoao a buang ka litsamaiso tsa boleng le bokahohle. Mehlala e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea moelelo oa tšoantšetso ho li-mantra, mapetjo a moetlo, kapa litlotla tse tšoaeang maemo a sechaba.
Ha e le hantle, tlhahlobo ea semiotic ha e akarelletse feela ho bala "moelelo" oa matšoao, empa hape e kenyelletsa ho hlahloba hore na matšoao a sebetsa joang maemong a itseng: hore na a sebelisoa neng, ke mang, le hore na bamameli ba arabela joang. Letšoao le tšoanang le ka ba le meelelo e fapaneng ho latela moelelo, kahoo bafuputsi ba hloka ho bapisa tšebeliso ea matšoao liketsahalong tsa sechaba.
5. Hermeneutics le Tlhaloso e Tebileng
Hermeneutics e thehiloe khopolong ea hore ho utloisisa sengoloa ke mokhoa o nang le mekhahlelo e mengata oa tlhaloso. Litsebi tsa thuto ea batho tse sebelisang hermeneutics li leka ho kena lefatšeng la moelelo oa sebui kapa mongoli, ha li ntse li hlokomela hore mofuputsi o tlisa kutloisiso ea hae. Mokhoa ona o loketse lingoloa tse rarahaneng tse kang lingoloa tsa bolumeli, litšōmo, kapa mesebetsi ea lingoliloeng tsa lehae, moo moelelo o sa hlakeng kamehla.
Matla a hermeneutics a ho bala ka hloko: ho ela hloko lintho tse sa utloahaleng, likhanyetsano, le nalane ea tlhaloso ea sengoloa. Leha ho le joalo, hermeneutics e boetse e hloka boemo bo phahameng ba ho nahana e le hore bafuputsi ba se ke ba "qosa" meelelo ho tsoa kantle. Thutong ea batho, hermeneutics hangata e kopanngoa le ethnography ho hlahloba kamoo batho ba hlalosang lingoloa kateng ts'ebetsong ea letsatsi le letsatsi.
6. Tlhahlobo ea Moqoqo le Ethnography ea Puisano
Haeba dingolwa di utlwisiswa e le dingolwa tsa dikamano, jwale tlhahlobo ya moqoqo le thuto ya dipuisano e ba tsa bohlokwa. Tlhahlobo ya moqoqo e hlahloba dintlha tse nyane tse kang ho nka diphetho, ho kgutsa, ho tsheha, ho lokisa le mawa a ho sitisa. Dintlha tsena di ka senola dikamano tsa kahisano, bolaodi, mekhoa e metle, kapa esita le kgohlano e patilweng.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, setšoantšo sa puisano se totobatsa melao ea setso ea puo: hore na ho lokela ho buuoa ka ho toba neng, hore na ho lokela ho buuoa ka maemo afe, hore na ke mang ea ka nyatsang mang, le hore na mokhoa oa puo o bontša boemo joang. Thutong ea batho, mokhoa ona o thusa ho utloisisa hore "moelelo" ha o lule mantsoeng feela, empa hape le ka mokhoa, nako le boemo boo a buuoang ho bona.
7. Tlhahlobo ea Nalane le ea Polokelo ea Libuka
Lingoloa tsa polokelo ea nalane—litlaleho tsa bokolone, likoranta tsa khale, lirekoto tsa boromuoa, kapa litokomane tsa lekhotla—hangata li sebetsa e le lintlha tsa ho utloisisa phetoho ea sechaba. Tlhahlobo ea nalane thutong ea batho e hlahloba lingoloa e le lihlahisoa tsa nako e itseng, tse nang le leeme, lithahasello le lihlopha tsa tsebo e ikhethileng ea nako eo. Mohlala, mekhoa ea bokolone ea ho arola morabe kapa meetlo e ka bopa lipolotiki tsa boitsebahatso ho fihlela kajeno.
Mokhoa ona o hloka tlhahlobo ea mohloli: ho botsa hore na mongoli e ne e le mang, hore na tokomane e entsoe ka morero ofe, hore na ke mang ea siiloeng tlalehong, le hore na puo ea tsamaiso e hlahisa "nnete" joang e nkoang e le ea 'nete. Kahoo, polokelo ea nalane ha se feela polokelo ea lintlha, empa ke libaka tsa matla le boemeli.
8. Mokhoa oa Dijithale: Tlhahlobo ea Mongolo e Thusoang ke Palo
Maemong a mehleng ena, litsebi tsa thuto ea batho li ntse li kopana le lintlha tse ngata tsa mongolo: litlhaloso tsa mecha ea litaba ea sechaba, liforamo tsa sechaba, kapa litaba tsa inthanete. Mekhoa ea ho sebelisa likhomphutha joalo ka ho etsa mohlala oa sehlooho, tlhahlobo ea maikutlo, kapa marang-rang a mantsoe e ka thusa ho khetholla mekhoa e tloaelehileng. Leha ho le joalo, litsebi tsa thuto ea batho hangata li hatisa hore liphetho tsa thuto ea batho li hloka ho hlalosoa ka mokhoa oa morabe: hore na ke hobane'ng ha lihlooho tse itseng li hlaha, hore na ho soma le ho soma ho sebetsa joang, le moelelo oa setso o ka morao ho "maikutlo".
Mokhoa o tsoakiloeng oa mekhoa o atisa ho sebelisoa: bafuputsi ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa dijithale ho etsa 'mapa oa mekhoa, ebe ba bala mehlala ea bohlokoa haufi-ufi, ba tsamaea le lipuisano kapa litebello ho leka litlhaloso.
Mehato e Sebetsang Tlhahlobong ea Mongolo oa Anthropology
Ka kakaretso, tlhahlobo ea mongolo lithutong tsa batho e ka latela mehato ena: (1) ho fumana potso ea lipatlisiso le mofuta oa mongolo o amehang; (2) ho bokella lintlha le ho netefatsa boitšoaro, haholo-holo bakeng sa lingoliloeng tsa poraefete kapa lichaba tse kotsing; (3) ho ngola le ho hlophisa lintlha; (4) ho theha likhoutu tsa pele le lihlopha tsa sehlooho; (5) ho toloka mekhoa ka ho li hokahanya le maemo a sechaba, nalane le likamano tsa matla; (6) ho netefatsa ka triangulation—mohlala, ho bapisa litemana le litebello tsa tšimo le lipuisano; (7) ho ngola liphetho ka reflexivity, e leng ho tseba boemo ba mofuputsi ts'ebetsong ea tlhaloso.
Ho koala
Mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea mongolo thutong ea batho e thehiloe motheong o le mong: mongolo ke ketso ea sechaba e ke keng ea aroloa ho tsoa moelelong oa bophelo ba motho. Tlhahlobo ea litaba e thusa ho etsa 'mapa oa lipaterone, tlhahlobo ea puo e senola likamano tsa matla, tlhahlobo ea pale e utloisisa phihlelo ka lipale, semiotics e bala matšoao le matšoao, hermeneutics e hatisa tlhaloso e tebileng, tlhahlobo ea moqoqo e senola matla a tšebelisano-'moho, lithuto tsa polokelo ea nalane li latela nalane ea boemeli, 'me mekhoa ea dijithale e bula monyetla oa ho bala data e kholo. Ka ho kopanya mekhoa ena ka ho nahana, anthropology e ka hapa moelelo o phelang - eseng moelelo o ngotsoeng feela - 'me ea hlalosa kamoo puo le mongolo li kenyang letsoho ho bōpeng lefats'e la sechaba.
