Maqaalka Hababka Thermodynamic: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric
Waxaa jira afar hab oo thermodynamic ah, kuwaas oo kala ah Isothermal, isochoric, isobaric iyo adiabatic.
Habka Isothermal-ka (heerkulka joogtada ah)
Habka isothermal-ka, heerkulka nidaamka waa mid joogto ah. Aragti ahaan, nidaamka la falanqeeyay waa gaas ku habboon. Heerkulka gaaska ku habboon wuxuu si toos ah ugu dhigmaa tamarta gaaska gudaha ee ku habboon (U = 3/2 n RT). T isma beddelo, sidaa darteed U sidoo kale isma beddelo. Sidaa darteed, haddii lagu dabaqo habka isothermal-ka, sharciga ugu horreeya ee isle'egta thermodynamic wuxuu noqonayaa:
Δ U = Q – W
Tamarta gudaha isma beddesho, sidaas darteed Δ U = 0.
0 = Q – W
Q = W
Iyada oo ku saleysan isla'egtan, habka isothermal-ka (heerkulka joogtada ah), kulaylka (Q) ee lagu daray nidaamka ayaa nidaamku u adeegsadaa si uu u qabto shaqada (W).
Isbeddelka cadaadiska iyo mugga nidaamka ee habka isothermal-ka waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Mugga nidaamka koowaad = V1 (mug yar) iyo cadaadiska nidaamka = P1 (cadaadis weyn). Si heerkulka nidaamku u ahaado mid joogto ah ka dib marka kulaylka lagu daro nidaamka, nidaamku wuu balaaraa oo wuu ka shaqeeyaa deegaanka. Ka dib marka nidaamku ka shaqeeyo deegaanka, mugga nidaamku wuxuu isu beddelaa V2 (mugga nidaamka oo kordha) iyo cadaadiska nidaamka oo isbeddela ilaa P2 (hoos u dhaca cadaadiska nidaamka). Qaabka garaafka waa qaloocsan yahay sababtoo ah cadaadiska nidaamku si joogto ah uma isbeddelo inta hawsha socoto. Tirada shaqada la qabtay nidaamka = aagga hadhsan.
Habka Adiabatic
Habka adiabatic, kuleyl laguma daro nidaamka ama ka baxo nidaamka (Q = 0). Hawlaha adiabatic waxay ka dhici karaan nidaamyada xiran ee si fiican loo go'doomiyay. Nidaamka xiran ee si fiican loo dahaadhay, badanaa ma jiro kuleyl ku qulqulaya nidaamka ama ka baxaya nidaamka. Hawlaha adiabatic waxay sidoo kale ka dhici karaan nidaamyada xiran ee aan la go'doominayn.
Xaaladdan, habka waa in si degdeg ah loo sameeyaa si kuleylku uusan ugu qulqulin nidaamka ama uusan uga bixin nidaamka. Haddii lagu dabaqo habka adiabatic, sharciga koowaad Isbarbardhigga Thermodynamic wuu isbeddeli doonaa:
Δ U = Q – W
Kulaylku kuma jiro ama kama baxo nidaamka, sidaas darteed Q = 0.
Δ U = 0 – W
Δ U = -W
Haddii nidaamka si dhakhso ah loo riixo (shaqadu waxay ku dhacdaa nidaamka), markaas shaqadu waa taban. Sababtoo ah W waa taban, markaa U waa taban (tamarta nidaamka ku jirta ayaa korodha). Taas beddelkeeda, haddii nidaamku si dhakhso ah u fido (nidaamku wuu shaqeeyaa), markaas W waa taban. Maadaama W uu yahay taban, U waa taban (tamarta nidaamka ku jirta ayaa la dhimaa). Tamarta nidaamka ku jirta (gaaska ku habboon) waxay la mid tahay heerkulka (U = 3/2 n RT), sidaas darteed haddii tamarta nidaamka ku jirtaa ay korodho markaas heerkulka nidaamka ayaa sidoo kale kordha. Taas beddelkeeda, haddii tamarta nidaamka ku jirta la dhimo, markaas heerkulka nidaamku wuu yaraanayaa.
Isbeddelka cadaadiska nidaamka iyo mugga habka adiabatic waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Qalooca adiabatic ee jaantuskan (qalooca 1-2) wuu ka qoto dheer yahay qalooca isothermal (qalooca 1-3). Farqigan qoto dheer wuxuu muujinayaa in kororka mugga isku mid ah, cadaadiska nidaamka uu hoos u dhaco inta badan habka adiabatic marka loo eego habka isothermal. Cadaadiska nidaamku wuxuu hoos u dhacaa inta badan habka adiabatic sababtoo ah marka fidinta adiabatic dhacdo, heerkulka nidaamku sidoo kale wuu hoos u dhacaa. Heerkulku wuxuu u dhigmaa cadaadiska, sidaas darteed haddii heerkulka nidaamku hoos u dhaco, cadaadiska nidaamku sidoo kale wuu hoos u dhacaa. Marka la barbardhigo habka isothermal, heerkulka nidaamku had iyo jeer waa mid joogto ah. Sidaa darteed, habka isothermal-ka, heerkulku ma saameeyo hoos u dhaca cadaadiska.
Tusaale ka mid ah habka adiabatically wuxuu ka dhacaa matoor gubasho gudaha ah, sida matoorka naaftada iyo matoorka gaaska. Matoorada naaftada, hawada ayaa lagu shubaa dhululubada, hawada gudaha dhululubadana si dhakhso ah ayaa loogu cadaadiyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo bistool (shaqadu waxay ku socotaa hawada). Habka cadaadiska adiabatic (hoos u dhigista mugga nidaamka) waxaa lagu sawiray qalooca 2-1. Sababtoo ah cadaadiska degdega ah ee adiabatic, heerkulku si degdeg ah ayuu u kacaa. Isla mar ahaantaana, naaftada waxaa lagu buufiyaa dhululubada iyada oo loo marayo qalabka duritaanka, isku darkana isla markiiba ayaa la kiciyaa. Matoorka gaaska, isku darka hawada iyo gaaska ayaa lagu shubaa dhululubada ka dibna si dhakhso ah ayaa loo cadaadiyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo bistool. Sababtoo ah si degdeg ah ayaa loogu riixaa adiabat, heerkulku si dhakhso ah ayuu u kacaa. Isla mar ahaantaana, dhimbiil ayaa shidma si habka gubashada uu u dhaco.
Habka Isochoric (mugga joogtada ah)
Habka Isochoric-ga, mugga nidaamku waa mid joogto ah. Maadaama mugga nidaamku had iyo jeer yahay mid joogto ah, nidaamku kama shaqayn karo deegaanka. Deegaanku sidoo kale shaqo kuma qaban karo nidaamka. Haddii lagu dabaqo habka isochoric-ga, sharciga ugu horreeya ee isle'egta thermodynamic wuxuu isu beddelaa:
Δ U = Q – W
Nidaamku kama shaqeeyo deegaanka, sidaas darteed W = 0
Δ U = Q – 0
Δ U = Q
Natiijadan, waxaan ku soo gabagabeyn karnaa in habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah), kulaylka (Q) ee lagu daray nidaamka loo isticmaalo in lagu kordhiyo tamarta nidaamka. Isbeddellada cadaadiska nidaamka iyo mugga habka isochoric waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Marka hore, cadaadiska nidaamka = p 1 (cadaadis yar). Kulaylka dheeraadka ah ee nidaamku wuxuu sababaa in tamarta nidaamka ku jirta ay korodho. Marka tamarta nidaamka ku jirtaa ay korodho, heerkulka nidaamka (gaaska ku habboon) wuu kordhaa (U = 3/2 n RT). Heerkulku wuxuu si toos ah ugu dhigmaa cadaadiska. Sidaa darteed, haddii heerkulka nidaamku kordho, markaa cadaadiska nidaamku wuu kordhaa (p 2 ). Sababtoo ah mugga nidaamka joogtada ah, ma jiro shaqo la qabtay (ma jiro meel hadhsan).
Habka isochoric-ga, nidaamku ma qaban karo shaqada deegaanka. Sidoo kale, deegaanku ma qaban karo shaqada nidaamka. Tani waa sababta oo ah, habka isochoric-ga, mugga nidaamku had iyo jeer waa mid joogto ah. Waxaa jira noocyo shaqo oo gaar ah oo aan ku lug lahayn isbeddellada mugga. Markaa inkastoo mugga nidaamku aanu isbeddelin, haddana shaqada ayaa weli lagu qaban karaa nidaamka. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa ku jira taageere + baytari weel xiran. Marwaxaddu waxay ku wareegi kartaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo tamar baytarigu. Xaaladdan oo kale, marawaxadaha, baytariyada, iyo hawada gudaha weelka waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin nidaamyo.
Marka marawaxaddu wareegto, marawaxaddu way shaqaysaa, iyadoo ku ciyaareysa weelka. Isla mar ahaantaana, tamarta dhaqdhaqaaqa ee marawaxaddu waxay isu beddeshaa tamar hawada ku jirta. Tamarta korontada ee ku jirta baytariga, dabcan, way yaraataa sababtoo ah waxay qaabkeeda u beddeshay tamar hawada ku jirta. Tusaalahan wuxuu muujinayaa in habka isochoric (mugga had iyo jeer waa mid joogto ah), shaqada wali lagu qaban karo nidaamka (shaqo aan ku lug lahayn isbeddellada mugga).
Habka Isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah)
Habka isobaric, cadaadiska nidaamku waa mid joogto ah. Maadaama cadaadisku yahay mid joogto ah, isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ( Δ U), kulaylka (Q) iyo shaqada (W) ee habka isobaric ma aha eber. Sidaa darteed, qaacidada thermodynamics ee sharciga koowaad isma beddelin.
ΔU = Q - W
Isbeddellada ku yimaada cadaadiska iyo mugga gaaska ee habka isobaric waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Marka hore, mugga nidaamka = V1 (mug yar). Sababtoo ah cadaadiska waa la ilaaliyaa, marka kulaylka lagu daro nidaamka ka dib, nidaamku wuu fidaa oo wuu ka shaqeeyaa deegaanka. Ka dib marka uu ka shaqeeyo deegaanka, mugga nidaamku wuxuu isu beddelaa V2 (kordhinta mugga nidaamka). Tirada shaqada (W) nidaamka la sameeyay = aagga hadhsan.
Su'aasha 1:
Qaloocyada 1-2 ee laba jaantus oo hoose ku yaal ayaa muujinaya ballaarinta gaaska (kordhinta mugga gaaska) oo dhacda si isku mid ah iyo si isku mid ah. Hawshaas, shaqada uu gaasku qabto ayaa ka yar?
Shaqada ay gaasaska ku qabtaan habka adiabatic waa ka yar shaqada ay gaasaska ku qabtaan habka isothermal-ka. Aagga hadhsan = shaqada uu gaasku sameeyo inta lagu jiro habka fidinta (kordhinta mugga gaaska). Aagga hadhsan ee habka adiabatic waa ka yar yahay aagga hadhsan ee habka isothermal-ka.
Su'aasha 2:
Hawsha thermodynamic waxaa lagu muujiyey jaantuska hoose. Qaloocyada ab iyo dc = hababka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah). Qalooca bc iyo ad = habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah). Hawsha ab, kulaylka (Q) 600 Joules ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka. Hawsha bc, kulaylka (Q) 800 Joules ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka.
a) Isbeddellada tamarta ee habka ab
b) Isbeddellada tamarta ee habka abc
c) Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray habka ADC
P 1 = 2 x 10 5 Pa = 2 x 10 5 N / m 2
P 2 = 4 x 10 5 Pa = 4 x 10 5 N / m 2
V 1 = 2 litir = 2 dm 3 = 2 x 10 -3 m 3
V 2 = 4 litir = 2 dm 3 = 4 x 10 -3 m 3
Solution
a) Isbeddellada tamarta gudaha ee habka ab
Habka ab, kulaylka 600 J ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka. Habka ab = habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah). Habka isochoric, ku darista kulaylka nidaamka waxay kordhisaa tamarta nidaamka oo keliya. Sidaa darteed, tamarta ayaa isbeddela nidaamka ka dib marka la helo kulaylka:
ΔU = Q
ΔU = 600 J
b) Isbeddellada tamarta ee habka abc
Habka ab = habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah). Habka ab, kulaylka 600 J ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka. Sababtoo ah mugga joogtada ah, ma jiro shaqo uu nidaamku qabtay.
Geedi socodka bc = habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah). Geedi socodka bc, kulaylka (Q) 800 Joules ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka. Geedi socodka isobaric, nidaamku wuu shaqayn karaa. Tirada shaqada ee nidaamku sameeyo ee habka bc (habka isobaric) waa:
W = P (V 2 – V 1 ) — cadaadis joogto ah
W = P 2 (V 2 – V 1 )
W = 4 x 10 5 N/m 2 (4 x 10 -3 m 3 – 2 x 10 -3 m 3 )
W = 4 x 10 5 N/m 2 (2 x 10 -3 m 3 )
W = 8 x 10 2 Joule
W = 800 Joule
Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray nidaamka habka abc waa:
Wadarta Q = Q ab + Q bc
Wadarta Q = 600 J + 800 J
Wadarta Q = 1400 Joules
Shaqada guud ee uu nidaamku ku qabtay habka abc waa:
Wadarta W = W ab + W bc
Wadarta W = 0 + W bc
Wadarta W = 0 + 800 Joule
Wadarta W = 800 Joule
Isbeddellada tamarta gudaha ee habka abc = 600 J
c) Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray habka ADC
Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray nidaamka waxaa lagu xisaabin karaa isla'egta hoose:
ΔU = Q - W
Q = ΔU + W
Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray habka adc = isbeddellada tamarta gudaha ee adc + shaqada habka adc.
Kuleylka iyo shaqadu waxay ku lug leeyihiin wareejinta tamarta ee u dhaxaysa nidaamyada iyo deegaanka, halka isbeddellada tamarta gudaha ay yihiin natiijada wareejinta tamarta ee u dhaxaysa nidaamka iyo deegaanka. Sidaa darteed, isbeddelka tamarta kuma xirna habka wareejinta tamarta. Dhanka kale, kulaylka iyo shaqadu waxay ku xiran yihiin habka. Habka isochoric (nidaamka mugga joogtada ah), wareejinta tamarta waxay ku jirtaa oo keliya qaabka kulaylka, halka shaqadu aysan ahayn. Habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah), wareejinta tamarta waxay ku lug leedahay kulaylka iyo shaqada. In kasta oo aan ku xirnayn habka, tamarta waxay isbeddeshaa iyadoo ku xiran xaaladda bilowga ah iyo xaaladda nidaamka dhammaadka. Haddii xaaladaha bilowga ah iyo kuwa kama dambaysta ahi ay isku mid yihiin, isbeddellada tamarta had iyo jeer waa isku mid, inkastoo habku uu ka duwan yahay.
Xaaladaha bilowga ah iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee habka abc ee jaantuska kore = xaaladaha bilowga ah iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee habka adc. Sidaas darteed, tamarta gudaha ayaa isbeddelaysa habka adc = 600 J.
Wadarta shaqada (W) ee lagu sameeyay adc = habka W ee ad + W ee dc.
Habka xayaysiisku waa habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah), halka habka dc uu yahay habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah). Sababtoo ah mugga joogtada ah, ma jiro shaqo laga qabtay habka dc. Marka hore, waxaan xisaabinaynaa shaqada laga qabtay habka xayaysiisku.
W ad = P (V 2 - V 1 )
W ad = P 1 (V 2 - V 1 )
Xayeysiis B = 2 x 10 5 N/m 2 (4 x 10 ‐3 m 3 ‐ 2 x 10 ‐3 m 3 )
Xayeysiis B = 2 x 10 5 N/m 2 (2 x 10 ‐3 m 3 )
W ad = 4 x 10 2 Joule
W ad = 400 Joule
Wadarta W = W ee geedi socodka a‐d + W ee geedi socodka d‐c
Wadarta W = 400 Joules + 0
Wadarta W = 400 Joule
Sidaa darteed, xaddiga kulaylka lagu daray habka ADC waa:
Q = ΔU + W
Q = 600 J + 400 J
Q = 1000 J
Su'aasha 3:
1 litir oo biyo ah ayaa isu beddela 1671 litir oo uumi ah marka la kariyo cadaadis 1 atm ah. Xisaabi isbeddelka tamarta gudaha iyo shaqada ay qabtaan biyuhu marka uumi baxo ... (Kuleylka uumi bixinta biyaha = L V = 22.6 x 10 5 J/Kg)
Solution
Cufnaanta biyaha = 1000 kg/ m3
Kulaylka uumiga biyaha (L V ) = 22.6 x 10 5 J / Kg
P = 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 5 Pa = 1.013 x 10 5 N/m 2
V 1 = 1 litir = 1 dm 3 = 1 x 10 -3 m 3 (Mugga biyaha)
V 2 = 1671 litir = 1671 dm 3 = 1671 x 10 -3 m 3 (Mugga uumiga)
a) Isbeddellada tamarta gudaha
Isbeddellada tamarta gudaha = Kuleylka lagu daray biyaha oo laga jaray Shaqada ay sameeyeen biyuhu markii la uumibixiyey. Tirada koowaad Kuleylka (Q) lagu daray biyaha …
Q = m L V
Cufnaanta biyaha = cufnaanta biyaha / mugga biyaha
Cufnaanta biyaha (m) = cufnaanta biyaha x mugga biyaha
Cufka biyaha (m) = (1000 kg/m3 ) ( 1 x 10 -3 m3 )
Cufka biyaha (m) = (1000 kg/m3 ) (0.001 m3 )
Cufka biyaha (m) = 1 kg
Q = (1 kg) (22.6 x 10 5 J / kg)
Q = 22.6 x 10 5 J
Xisaabi shaqada (W) ee ay biyuhu sameeyeen marka la uumi bixiyo. Karkarinta biyuhu waxay dhacdaa marka cadaadis joogto ah la saaro (habka isobaric).
W = p (V 2 – V 1 )
W = 1.013 x 10 5 N/m 2 (1671 x 10 -3 m 3 – 1 x 10 -3 m 3 )
W = 1.013 x 10 5 N/m 2 (1670 x 10 -3 m 3 )
W = 1691.71 x 10 2 Joule
W = 1.7 x 105 Joules
Isbeddellada ku yimaada tamarta gudaha ee biyaha:
ΔU = Q - W
ΔU = 22.6 x 10 5 J - 1.7 x 10 5 J
ΔU = 20.9 x 10 5 J
ΔU = 21 x 10 5 J
21 x 10 5 Kulaylka Joule ee lagu daray biyaha waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kordhiyo tamarta gudaha (ka gudubka xoogga jiidista ee u dhexeeya molecules-ka ilaaliya dareeraha biyaha). Si kale haddii loo dhigo, 21 x 10 5 J waxaa loo isticmaalaa in biyaha loogu beddelo uumi. Marka biyuhu noqdaan uumi, 1.7 x 105 J ee soo hartay ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qabto shaqada.
Su'aasha 4:
1 mole oo gaas ah oo ku jira dhululubo ayaa si degdeg ah ugu fida si isku mid ah. Marka hore, heerkulka gaaska = 1000 K. Ka dib marka la ballaariyo, heerkulka gaaska wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa 500 K. Go'aami shaqada uu gaasku qabtay…
Solution
Ballaarinta gaaska waxay dhacdaa si adiabatic ah. Habka adiabatic, kuleyl ma galo ama ka baxo nidaamka. Sidaas darteed, shaqada lagu sameeyo gaaska = isbeddelka tamarta ee gaaska.
ΔU = Q – W ama W = Q – Δ U → Q = 0
W = 0 – ΔU
W = – ΔU
Waxaan xisaabin karnaa isbeddellada tamarta ee gaaska iyadoo la adeegsanayo isla'egta tamarta ee gaaska ku habboon:
ΔU = 3/2 (1 mol) (8.315 J / mol. K) (500 K - 1000 K)
ΔU = 3/2 (1 mol) (8.315 J / mol. K) (- 500 K)
ΔU = -6236.25 J
Sidaa darteed, xaddiga shaqada uu qabto gaaska waa:
W = – ΔU
W = – (- 6236.25 J)
W = 6236.25 J
