Sharciga gaaska ee ku habboon

Shuruucda gaaska ee Boyle, sharciga Charles iyo Gay-Lussac ma khuseeyaan dhammaan xaaladaha gaaska, sidaa darteed falanqaynteenu way sii adkaanaysaa. Sidaa darteed, waxaa la soo bandhigay qaabka gaaska ee ugu habboon. Gaaska ugu habboon ma jiro nolol maalmeedka; gaaska ugu habboon waa qaabka ugu habboon ee fududeeya falanqaynta. Jiritaanka fikraddan gaaska ee ugu habboon ayaa sidoo kale runtii naga caawisa dib u eegista xiriirka ka dhexeeya saddexda sharci ee gaaska.

Xiriirka ka dhexeeya heerkulka, mugga, iyo cadaadiska gaaska

Markaan tixraacno saddexda sharci ee gaaska ee kor ku xusan, waxaan ka heli karnaa xiriir guud oo u dhexeeya heerkulka, mugga, iyo cadaadiska gaaska.

P ₁ = cadaadis bilow ah (Pa ama N/m ² ), P ₂ = cadaadis kama dambays ah (Pa ama N/m ² ), V ₁ = mugga bilowga ah (m ³ ), V ₂ = mugga kama dambayska ah (m ³ ), T ₁ = heerkulka bilowga ah (K), T ₂ = heerkulka dhammaadka (K)

(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m ² = mitir laba jibbaaran, m ³ = mitir saddex jibbaaran, K = Kelvin)

Xiriirka ka dhexeeya cufka gaaska (m) iyo mugga (V)

Inta badan hawada la geliyo buufinta caagga ah, ayaa buufintu sii bararaysaa. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, tirada gaaska oo sii weynaysa, ayaa mugga buufintu sii weynaanaysaa. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in cufka gaaska (m) uu si toos ah ugu dhigmayo mugga gaaska (V).

Tirada burooyinka (n)

1 mole = cufnaanta walax la mid ah cufnaanta walaxda. Cufnaanta iyo cufnaanta oksijiinta molecular way kala duwan yihiin.

Tusaale 1, cufka molikuyuulka oksijiinta (O2 ₎ = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (molikuyuulka oksijiinta kasta wuxuu ka kooban yahay 2 atamka oksijiinta, halkaas oo atamka oksijiinta kasta uu leeyahay cufnaan 16 u). Sidaa darteed, 1 molikuyuulka O2 _wuxuu leeyahay cufnaan 32 garaam ah. Ama cufka molikuyuulka O2 ₌ 32 garaam / mol = 32 kg/kmol.

Tusaale 2, cufka molecular-ka ee gaaska kaarboon monooxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (molecule kasta oo kaarboon monooxide ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay 1 atom kaarboon (C) iyo 1 atom oksijiin (O). Cufka 1 atom kaarboon = 12 u iyo cufka 1 atom oksijiin = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Sidaas darteed, 1 molecule oo kaarboon ah wuxuu leeyahay cuf dhan 28 garaam. Ama cufka molecular-ka ee CO = 28 garaam/mol = 28 kg/kmol.

Tusaale 3, cufka molecular-ka ee gaaska kaarboon laba ogsaydh (CO2) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (molecule kasta oo kaarboon laba ogsaydh ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay 1 atom kaarboon (C) iyo 2 atom oksijiin (O). Cufka 1 atom kaarboon = 12 u iyo cufka 1 atom oksijiin = 16 u). Sidaas darteed, 1 molecule oo ka mid ah CO2 _wuxuu leeyahay cuf dhan 44 garaam. Ama cufka molecular-ka ee CO2 ₌ 44 garaam/mol = 44 kg/kmol.

Tirada moles (n) ee walax = saamiga cufka walaxda iyo cufkeeda molecular. Xisaab ahaan:

1 Su'aal:

Xisaabi tirada burooyinka 64 g oo ah _O2

_Cufnaanta O2 = 64 garaam

Cufka molecular-ka ee O2 ₌ 32 garaam/mol

Su'aasha 2:

Xisaabi tirada burooyinka 280 garaam oo CO2 ah

Cufka CO = 280 garaam

Cufka molecular-ka ee CO = 28 garaam/mol

Su'aasha 3:

Xisaabi tirada burooyinka 176 garaam oo CO2 _ah

_Cufka CO2 = 176 garaam

Cufka molecular-ka ee CO2 ₌ 44 garaam/mol

Joogtada gaaska guud (R)

Iyada oo lagu saleynayo cilmi-baaris ay sameeyeen saynisyahano, waxaa la ogaaday in haddii tirada moles (n) loo isticmaalo in lagu muujiyo cabbirka walax, markaas joogtada isbarbardhigga gaas kasta uu leeyahay qiime isku mid ah. Joogtada u dhiganta waa joogsiga gaaska guud (R).

R = 8.315 J/mol. K

= 8315 kJ / kmol. K

= 0.0821 (L.atm) / (mol. K)

= 1.99 kalori / mol. K

(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = litir, atm = jawi, kal = kaloori)

SHARCIGA GAASKA EE KU HABOON (tirada burooyinka)

Isbarbardhigga kor ku xusan waxaa loo rogi karaa isle'egyo iyadoo la gelinayo tirada moles (n) iyo joogtada gaaska guud (R).

PV = n RT

Isla'egtan waxaa loo yaqaan sharciga gaaska ee ugu habboon ama isla'egta xaaladda gaaska ee ugu habboon.

P = cadaadiska gaaska (N/m ² )

V = mugga gaaska ( ^m3 )

n = tirada mole-yada (mole)

R = joogtada gaaska guud (R = 8.315 J/mol. K)

T = heerkulka buuxa ee gaaska (K)

Marka aad xallinayso dhibaatada, waxaad ka heli doontaa ereyga STP. STP waa Heerkulka iyo Cadaadiska Caadiga ah.

Heerkulka caadiga ah (T) = 0 ^o C = 273 K

Cadaadiska caadiga ah (P) = 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 ⁵ N / m ² = 1.013 x 10 ² kPa = 101 kPa

Marka la xallinayo arrimaha sharciga gaaska, heerkulka waa in lagu muujiyaa cabbirka Kelvin (K). Haddii cadaadiska gaasku wali yahay cadaadis cabbir ah, marka hore u beddel cadaadis dhammaystiran. Cadaadis dhammaystiran = cadaadis jawi + cadaadis cabbir. Haddii la yaqaan yahay cadaadis jawi (cadaadis cabbir ah ma jiro), xalli dhibaatada.

Su'aasha 1:

Cadaadiska jawiga (101 kPa), heerkulka gaaska kaarboon laba ogsaydh = 20 ^o C iyo muggiisa = 2 litir. Haddii cadaadiska loo beddelo 201 kPa oo heerkulku kor u kaco ilaa 40 °C, xisaabi mugga ugu dambeeya ee gaaska kaarboon laba ogsaydh.

Solution

P ₁ = 101 kPa

P ₂ = 201 kPa

T ₁ = 20 ^o C + 273 K = 293 K

T ₂ = 40 ^o C + 273 K = 313 K

V ₁ = 2 litir

Su'aasha 2:

Go'aami mugga 2 moles oo gaas ah oo ku jira STP (gaaskani waa gaaska ugu habboon)

Solution

Su'aasha 3:

Mugga gaaska oksijiinta ee STP = 20 m ^3. Xisaabi cufka gaaska oksijiinta.

Solution

Mugga 1 mole oo gaas ah oo ku yaal STP = 22.4 litir = 22.4 dm ³ = 22.4 x 10 ^-3 m ³ (22.4 x 10 ^-3 m ³ /mol)

Mugga gaaska oksijiinta ee STP = 20 m ³

Cufnaanta molecules-ka oksijiinta = 32 garaam / mol (cufnaanta 1 molecules-ka oksijiinta = 32 garaam). Sidaa darteed, cufnaanta gaaska oksijiinta waa:

cufnaanta (m) = tirada burooyinka (n) x cufnaanta molecular

cufnaanta = (893 mol) x (32 garaam / mol) = 28576 garaam = 28.576 kg

Su'aasha 4:

Haan waxa ku jira 4 litir oo oksijiin ah (O2 ₎ . Heerkulka oksijiinta waa = 20 ^oC cadaadiska la cabbirayna waa = 20 x 10 ⁵ N/m2 ^. Go'aami cufka oksijiinta ( Cunsurka molikuliga ee oksijiinta = 32 kg/kmol = 32 garaam/mol).

Solution

P = P atm + P oo la cabbiray = (1 x 10 ⁵ N/m ² ) + (20 x 10 ⁵ N/m ² ) = 21 x 10 ⁵ N/m ²

T = 20 ^o C + 273 = 293 K

V = 4 litir = 4 dm ³ = 4 x 10 ^-3 m ³

R = 8.315 J/mol. K = 8.315 Nm/mol. K

Cufnaanta ogsijiinta ee molecular = 32 kg/kmol = 32 garaam/mol

_Cufnaanta O2?

SHARCIGA GAASKA EE KU HABOON (Tirada molecules-ka)

Haddii aan cabirka walaxda ku sheegno qaab cuf (m), laakiin tirada moles (n), markaa joogtada gaaska guud (R) waxay khuseysaa dhammaan gaasaska. Waxaa markii ugu horreysay ogaaday Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856), oo ahaa saynisyahan Talyaani ah.

Avogadro wuxuu sheegay in marka mugga, cadaadiska, iyo heerkulka gaas kasta ay siman yihiin, gaas kastaa wuxuu leeyahay tiro isku mid ah oo molecules ah.

Aragtida Avogadro waxay la mid tahay xaqiiqda ah in R-ga joogtada ah uu isku mid yahay dhammaan gaasaska. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah caddaynta:

Marka hore, haddii aan xallino dhibaatada annagoo adeegsanayna isle'egta sharciga gaaska ee ugu habboon (PV = nRT), waxaan ogaan doonnaa marka tirada moles (n) ay la mid tahay,

cadaadiska iyo heerkulku sidoo kale waa isku mid, markaa mugga gaasaska oo dhan wuu isku mid noqon doonaa haddii aan isticmaalno joogtada gaaska guud R = 8.315 J / mol. K). STP, gaas kasta oo leh tiro isku mid ah oo gaas ah (n) wuxuu yeelan doonaa mug isku mid ah. Mugga 1 mole oo gaas ah oo STP ah = 22.4 litir. Mugga 2 mole oo gaas ah = 44.8 litir. Mugga 3 mole oo gaas ah = 67.2 litir. Iyo wixii la mid ah. Tani waxay khuseysaa dhammaan gaasaska.

Marka labaad, tirada molecules-ka ku jira 1 mole waa isku mid dhammaan gaasaska. Tirada molecules-ka ku jira 1 mole = tirada molecules-ka ku jira mole = tirada Avogadro (NA). Markaa, tirada Avogadro waa isku mid dhammaan gaasaska.

Tirada Avogadro ee laga helay cabbiraadda:

NA = 6.02 x 10 ²³ molecules / mol

Si aad u hesho wadarta tirada molecules-ka (N), tirada molecules-ka mole kasta (N _A ) ku dhufo tirada molecules-ka (n).

Wadarta tirada molecules (N) = tirada molecules ee mole kasta (N _A ) x tirada molecules (n)

P = Cadaadis, V = Mugga, N = Wadarta tirada molecules-ka, k = Joogtada Boltzmann (k = 1.38 x 10-23 J / K), T = Heerkulka

Unugyada mugga

1 litir (L) = 1000 millilitir (mL) = 1000 sentimitir cubic (cm ³ )

1 litir (L) = 1 saddex jibbaaran oo saddex jibbaaran (dm ³ ) = 1 x 10 ^-3 m ³

Qaybaha Cadaadiska

1 N/m ² = 1 Pa

1 atm = 1.013 x 10 ⁵ N/m ² = 1.013 x 10 ⁵ Pa = 1.013 x 10 ² kPa = 101.3 kPa (badanaa la isticmaalo 101 kPa)

Pa = pascal

atm = jawi