Casharrada Fiisigiska Aasaasiga ah

Haddii aan si taxaddar leh u eegno, qiiqa ka soo baxaya gubashada ayaa marka hore la arki karaa. Muddo ka dib, qiiq lama arki karo. Ma isticmaashay cadar? Inkasta oo aad ku buufisay cadar qolka, dadka kale ee guriga jooga ayaa sidoo kale dareemi kara udgoonka cadarka. Haddii hooyadu cunto macaan oo macaan ku kariso jikada, caraf udgoonka karinta waxaa sidoo kale laga dareemi karaa guriga deriska. Maxaa taas u ah?

Waxaa jira tusaalooyin kale oo badan. Haddii aad dhawr dhibcood oo khad ah ku geliso galaas ay ku jiraan biyo cad, khad, ama midabaynta cuntada ayaa si siman ugu faafi doonta biyaha oo dhan. Tani si toos ah ayay u dhacdaa. Tusaalooyin hore qaarkood waa dhacdooyin faafin ah oo inta badan lagu arko nolol maalmeedka. Faafintu waa habka loo dhaqaajiyo walxaha laga bilaabo fiirsasho sare ilaa fiirsasho hoose. Waxa loola jeedo fiirsasho waa tirada molecules/moles ee walax mug kasta. Meel fiirsasho sare leh waa meel ay ku jiraan molecules badan oo walax mug kasta. Taas bedelkeeda, fiirsasho hoose waa meelo ay ku yar yihiin molecules mug kasta.

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Tamarta ku jirta gaaska ku habboon ee monatomic

Tamarta ku jirta gaaska ugu habboon ee monatomic waa wadarta guud ee tamarta kinetic-ga ee molecules-ka gaaska ugu habboon ee monatomic. Wadarta guud ee tamarta kinetic-ga ee molecules-ka gaaska ugu habboon = natiijada celceliska tamarta kinetic-ga ee molecules kasta iyo tirada molecules-ka (N). Xisaab ahaan:

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The energy equipartition theorem was derived theoretically by Clerk Maxwell using statistical mechanics. It is called a theorem because there is no proof through experimentation. The energy partition means equal distribution of energy.

KE = average translational kinetic energy of gas molecules (Joule)

k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 x 10^-23 J/K

T = absolute temperature of the ideal gas molecule (Kelvin)

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Marka laga soo tago cadaadiska, mid ka mid ah tirada sheegaysa dabeecadda macroscopic ee gaaska waa heerkulka (T). Isle'egta cadaadiska gaaska:

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KAragtida kinetic-ga waxay sheegaysaa in walax kastaa ay ka kooban tahay atom ama molecules iyo in atamka ama molecule-ku si joogto ah u socdo si taxaddar la'aan ah. Male-awaalkan aragtida kinetic-ga wuxuu la mid yahay xaaladda iyo xaaladda atamka ama molecule-ka ee qaybta gaaska. Xoogga soo jiidashada u dhaxaysa atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya gaaska waa mid daciif ah si atamka ama molecules-ku ay si xor ah u dhaqaaqi karaan.

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Article Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law

Sharciga Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) conducted experiments to investigate the quantitative relationship between gas pressure and volume. This experiment is carried out by inserting a certain amount of gas into a closed container. Until a pretty good approach, he found that if the gas temperature was kept constant, then when the gas pressure increased, the gas volume was reduced. Likewise, when the gas pressure decreases, the gas volume increases. Gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. This relationship is known as Boyle’s Law. Mathematically:

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The gas laws of Boyle, Charles law and Gay-Lussac do not apply to all gas conditions, so our analysis becomes more difficult. Therefore, presented the ideal gas model. Ideal gas does not exist in everyday life; the ideal gas is the just perfect form to facilitate analysis. The existence of this ideal gas concept also really helps us in reviewing the relationship between the three laws of gas.

The relationship among temperature, volume, and gas pressure

By referring to the three gas laws above, we can derive a more general relationship between temperature, volume, and gas pressure.

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Bayaanka gaarka ah ee sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics ma sharxi karo dhammaan hababka aan la beddeli karin, sidaa darteed waxaan u baahanahay bayaan guud. Bayaanka guud waxaa la filayaa inuu sharxo dhammaan hababka aan la beddeli karin ee ka dhacaya caalamka. Bayaanka guud ee sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics waxaa la sameeyay bartamihii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, iyada oo loo marayo tiro loo yaqaan entropy (S). Entropy waxaa markii ugu horreysay soo bandhigay Clausius waxaana laga sameeyay wareegga Carnot (matoorka kalooriga ee qumman). Sida laga soo xigtay Clausius, isbeddellada entropy waxaa la kulma nidaam, marka nidaamku helo kulayl dheeraad ah (Q) heerkul joogto ah, kaas oo lagu matalo isla'egta:

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Article about Coefficient of performance of the cooling machine

A cooling machine is a machine that takes heat from a low-temperature place, then transfers it to a high-temperature area. For this process to happen, the machine must do the work because the heat naturally flows from high temperature to low temperature. This is by Clausius’s statement:

It is impossible for a cooling machine to transfer heat from a low-temperature place to a high-temperature place, without work (Second law of thermodynamics—Clausius statement).

The machine works (W) to transfer heat, from low temperature (Q_L) to high temperature (Q_H). Based on conservation of energy, Q_L + W = Q_H.

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Si aad u ogaato sida loo kordhiyo waxtarka kuleylka matoor, saynisyahan Faransiis ah oo lagu magacaabo Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) ayaa baaray mashiin kaloori ah oo ku habboon aragtiyeed sannadkii 1824. Waqtigaas, sharciga koowaad ee thermodynamics lama samayn, mana ahayn sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics. Sharciga koowaad lama samayn sababtoo ah saynisyahannadu weli ma oga in kulaylku yahay tamar. Ka dib markii Joule iyo asxaabtiisu ay tijaabiyeen 1830-meeyadii, saynisyahannadu waxay ogaadeen in kulaylku yahay tamar dhaqaaqda sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha heerkulka. Markaa, sharciga koowaad ee thermodynamics waxaa la sameeyay ka dib 1830. Sadi Carnot wuxuu baarayay matoorka kalooriga ee ku habboon aragtiyeed sannadkii 1824. Cilmi-baaristiisu waxay dhab ahaantii ahayd inuu kordhiyo waxtarka matoorka uumiga. Inta badan matoorada uumiga ee wakhtigaas ma ahayn kuwo waxtar yar leh.

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