Maqaal ku saabsan Ku Dhaqanka Sharciga Koowaad ee Thermodynamics-ka dhowr habab oo Thermodynamic ah
Horey, waxaan uga wada hadalnay Sharciga Koowaad ee Thermodynamics waxaana falanqeynay shaqada uu nidaamku qabto. Markan, waxaan baari doonnaa qaar ka mid ah codsiyada Sharciga Koowaad ee Thermodynamics ee afar hab oo thermodynamic ah. Afartan hab waa isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, iyo adiabatic. Ereyadan waxaa laga soo qaatay Giriig.
Habka Isothermal-ka (heerkulka joogtada ah)
Marka hore, aan dib u eegno ku dhaqanka sharciga koowaad ee thermodynamics-ka habka isothermal-ka. Habka isothermal-ka, heerkulka nidaamka waa mid joogto ah. Nidaamka aan falanqeyneyno aragti ahaan waa gaas ku habboon. Heerkulka gaaska ku habboon wuxuu si toos ah ugu dhigmaa tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ku habboon (U = 3/2 nRT). Maadaama T uu yahay mid joogto ah, U sidoo kale waa mid joogto ah. Sidaa darteed, marka lagu dabaqo habka isothermal-ka, isla'egta sharciga koowaad ee thermodynamics-ka waxay noqotaa:
Natiijooyinkan waxaa lagu soo gabagabeyn karaa in habka isothermal-ka (heerkulka joogtada ah), kulaylka (Q) ee lagu daray nidaamka uu nidaamku u isticmaalo shaqada (W).
Isbeddellada cadaadiska nidaamka iyo mugga habka isothermal-ka waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Marka hore mugga nidaamka = V1 (mug yar) iyo cadaadiska nidaamka = P1 (cadaadis sare). Si heerkulka nidaamka loo ilaaliyo mid joogto ah, ka dib marka kulaylka lagu daro nidaamka, nidaamku wuu fidaa oo wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa deegaanka. Ka dib marka nidaamku ka shaqeeyo deegaanka, mugga nidaamku wuxuu isu beddelaa V2 (mugga nidaamku wuu kordhaa) cadaadiska nidaamkuna wuxuu isu beddelaa P2 (cadaadiska nidaamku wuu yareeyaa). Garaafku waa qaloocsan yahay sababtoo ah cadaadiska nidaamku si joogto ah uma isbeddelo inta hawsha socoto. Tirada shaqada uu nidaamku qabto = aagga hadhsan.
Habka Adiabatic
Habka adiabatic, kuleyl laguma daro ama laga baxo nidaamka (Q = 0). Hababka adiabatic waxay ka dhici karaan nidaamyada xiran oo si fiican u go'doonsan. Nidaamka xiran ee si fiican u go'doonsan, badanaa ma jiro kuleyl soo gala ama ka baxa nidaamka marka la doono. Hababka adiabatic waxay sidoo kale ka dhici karaan nidaamyada xiran oo aan go'doonsanayn.
Xaaladdan, habka waa in si dhakhso ah loo sameeyaa si kuleylku uusan u helin waqti uu ku soo galo ama uga baxo nidaamka. Marka lagu dabaqo habka adiabatic, isle'egta Sharciga Koowaad ee Thermodynamics ayaa isu beddesha qaabkan:
Haddii nidaamka si dhakhso ah loo cadaadiyo (shaqadu waxay ku dhacdaa nidaamka), markaas shaqadu waa taban. Sababtoo ah W waa taban, markaa U waa taban (tamarta nidaamka ku jirta ayaa korodha). Taas beddelkeeda, haddii nidaamku si dhakhso ah u fido ama u ballaarto (nidaamku wuu shaqeeyaa), markaas W waa taban. Sababtoo ah W waa taban, markaa U waa taban (tamarta nidaamka ku jirta ayaa hoos u dhacda). Tamarta nidaamka ku jirta (gaaska ku habboon) waxay si toos ah ugu dhigantaa heerkulka (U = 3/2 nRT), sidaas darteed haddii tamarta nidaamka ku jirtaa ay korodho markaas heerkulka nidaamka ayaa sidoo kale kordha. Taas beddelkeeda, haddii tamarta nidaamka ku jirtaa ay hoos u dhacdo markaas heerkulka nidaamka ayaa hoos u dhaca.
Isbeddellada cadaadiska nidaamka iyo mugga habka adiabatic waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Haddii nidaamka si dhakhso ah loo cadaadiyo (shaqadu waxay ku dhacdaa nidaamka), markaas shaqadu waa taban. Sababtoo ah W waa taban, markaa U waa taban (tamarta nidaamka ku jirta ayaa korodha). Taas beddelkeeda, haddii nidaamku si dhakhso ah u fido ama u ballaarto (nidaamku wuu shaqeeyaa), markaas W waa taban. Sababtoo ah W waa taban, markaa U waa taban (tamarta nidaamka ku jirta ayaa hoos u dhacda). Tamarta nidaamka ku jirta (gaaska ku habboon) waxay si toos ah ugu dhigantaa heerkulka (U = 3/2 nRT), sidaas darteed haddii tamarta nidaamka ku jirtaa ay korodho markaas heerkulka nidaamka ayaa sidoo kale kordha. Taas beddelkeeda, haddii tamarta nidaamka ku jirtaa ay hoos u dhacdo markaas heerkulka nidaamka ayaa hoos u dhaca.
Isbeddellada cadaadiska nidaamka iyo mugga habka adiabatic waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Qalooca adiabatic ee jaantuskan (qalooca 1-2) wuu ka qoto dheer yahay qalooca isothermal (qalooca 1-3). Farqigan qoto dheer wuxuu tilmaamayaa in isla kororka mugga, cadaadiska nidaamku uu hoos u dhaco inta badan habka adiabatic marka la barbar dhigo habka isothermal. Cadaadiska nidaamku wuxuu hoos u dhacaa inta badan habka adiabatic sababtoo ah marka fidinta adiabatic dhacdo, heerkulka nidaamku sidoo kale wuu hoos u dhacaa. Heerkulku si toos ah ayuu ugu dhigmaa cadaadiska, sidaas darteed, haddii heerkulka nidaamku hoos u dhaco, cadaadiska nidaamku sidoo kale wuu hoos u dhacaa. Taas bedelkeeda, habka isothermal, heerkulka nidaamku wuxuu ahaanayaa mid joogto ah. Sidaa darteed, habka isothermal, heerkulku ma saameeyo hoos u dhaca cadaadiska.
Hal tusaale oo ka mid ah habka u dhow cadaadiska adiabatic wuxuu ka dhacaa matoorada gubashada gudaha, sida matoorada naaftada iyo gaaska. Matoorka naaftada, hawada waxaa lagu soo jiidaa dhululubo waxaana si degdeg ah loogu cadaadiyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo bistool (shaqadu waxay ku socotaa hawada). Habka cadaadiska adiabatic (hoos u dhigista mugga nidaamka) waxaa lagu sawiray qalooca 2-1. Sababtoo ah hawada si degdeg ah ayaa loogu cadaadiyaa adiabatic, heerkulka hawadu si degdeg ah ayuu u kacaa. Isla mar ahaantaana, naaftada waxaa lagu buufiyaa dhululubada iyada oo loo marayo irbad, isku darkana isla markiiba ayaa la shidaa (gubasho ayaa dhacda). Matoorka gaaska, isku darka hawada-gaaska ayaa lagu jiidaa dhululubada waxaana si degdeg ah loogu cadaadiyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo bistool. Maadaama cadaadiska uu yahay mid degdeg ah adiabatic, heerkulkiisu si degdeg ah ayuu u kacaa. Isla mar ahaantaana, qalabka dabka dhaliya ayaa soo saara dhimbiil, taasoo keenta gubasho.
Habka Isochoric (mugga joogtada ah)
Habka isochoric-ga, mugga nidaamka waa mid joogto ah. Maadaama mugga nidaamku uu yahay mid joogto ah, nidaamku ma qaban karo shaqada ku xeeran. Sidoo kale, deegaanku shaqo kuma qaban karo nidaamka. Marka lagu dabaqo habka isochoric-ga, isle'egta Sharciga Koowaad ee Thermodynamics-ka wuxuu noqonayaa:
Natiijooyinkan, waxaan ku soo gabagabeyn karnaa in habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah), kulaylka (Q) ee lagu daray nidaamka loo isticmaalo in lagu kordhiyo tamarta gudaha ee nidaamka.
Isbeddellada cadaadiska nidaamka iyo mugga habka isochoric waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Cadaadiska nidaamka bilowga ah = p1 (cadaadis hoose). Ku darista kulaylka nidaamka waxay keentaa in tamarta nidaamka ku jirta ay korodho. Maadaama tamarta nidaamka ku jirtaa ay korodho, heerkulka nidaamka (gaaska ku habboon) ayaa kordha (U = 3/2 nRT). Heerkulku wuxuu si toos ah ugu dhigmaa cadaadiska. Sidaa darteed, haddii heerkulka nidaamku kordho, cadaadiska nidaamku wuu kordhaa (p2Maadaama mugga nidaamku uu yahay mid joogto ah, shaqo la'aan lama qaban (meel hadh leh ma jirto).
Sida hore loo sheegay, habka isochoric, nidaamku ma qaban karo shaqada deegaanka. Sidoo kale, deegaanku ma qaban karo shaqada nidaamka. Tani waa sababta oo ah habka isochoric, mugga nidaamku wuu sii jiraa, taasoo la macno ah in uusan isbeddelin. Noocyada shaqada qaarkood kuma lug laha isbeddellada mugga. Sidaa darteed, xitaa haddii mugga nidaamku uu sii jiro mid joogto ah, shaqada wali waa la qaban karaa nidaamka. Tusaale ahaan, taageere iyo baytari waxay ku jiraan weel xiran. Taageeregu wuu wareegi karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo tamarta uu bixiyo baytarigu. Xaaladdan oo kale, taageere, baytari, iyo hawada ku jirta weelka waxaa loo arkaa nidaam.
Marka marawaxaddu wareegto, waxay ka shaqeysaa hawada ku jirta weelka. Isla markaana, tamarta dhaqdhaqaaqa ee marawaxaddu waxay isu beddeshaa tamar hawada ku jirta. Tamarta korontada ee ku jirta baytariga si dabiici ah ayaa loo dhimaa sababtoo ah waxaa loo beddelay tamar hawada ku jirta. Tusaalahan wuxuu muujinayaa in habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah), shaqada wali lagu qaban karo nidaamka (shaqo aan ku lug lahayn isbeddel ku yimaada mugga).
Habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah)
Habka isobaric, cadaadiska nidaamku waa mid joogto ah. Maadaama joogtada ahi tahay cadaadis, isbeddellada tamarta gudaha (delta U), kulaylka (Q), iyo shaqada (W) ee habka isobaric waligood eber ma aha. Sidaa darteed, sharciga ugu horreeya ee thermodynamics wuu sii jiraa:
ΔU = Q - W
Isbeddellada cadaadiska gaaska iyo mugga habka isobaric waxaa lagu sawiray garaafka hoose:
Marka hore mugga nidaamka = V1 (mug yar). Sababtoo ah cadaadiska waa mid joogto ah, ka dib marka kulaylka lagu daro nidaamka, nidaamku wuu ballaartaa oo wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa deegaanka. Ka dib marka uu ka shaqeeyo deegaanka, mugga nidaamku wuxuu isu beddelaa V2 (mugga nidaamku wuu kordhaa). Tirada shaqada (W) ee uu sameeyo nidaamku = aagga hadhsan.
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 1aad:
Qaloocyada 1-2 ee labada jaantus ee hoose waxay muujinayaan ballaarinta gaaska (kororka mugga gaaska) oo dhacda si isku mid ah iyo si isku mid ah. Hawsha uu gaaska qabto ma ka yar tahay?
Shaqada uu gaasku ku qabto habka adiabatic waa ka yar tahay shaqada uu gaasku ku qabto habka isothermal-ka. Aagga hadhsan = shaqada uu gaasku sameeyo inta lagu jiro habka fidinta (kordhinta mugga gaaska). Aagga hadhsan ee habka adiabatic waa ka yar yahay aagga hadhsan ee habka isothermal-ka.
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 2aad:
Taxane habab thermodynamic ah ayaa lagu muujiyay jaantuska hoose. Qaloocyada a-b iyo d-c = hababka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah). Qaloocyada b-c iyo a-d = hababka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah). Habka a-b, 600 Joules oo kuleyl ah (Q) ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka. Habka b-c, 800 Joules oo kuleyl ah (Q) ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka. Go'aami:
a) Isbeddellada tamarta gudaha ee hababka a-b
b) Isbeddellada ku yimaada tamarta gudaha ee habka a-b-c
c) Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray habka a-d-c
P1 = 2x105 Pa = 2 x 105 N / m2
P2 = 4x105 Pa = 4 x 105 N / m2
V1 = 2 litir = 2 dm3 = 2x10.3 m3
V2 = 4 litir = 2 dm3 = 4x10.3 m3
Dood
a) Isbeddellada tamarta gudaha ee hababka a-b
Habka a-b, 600 J oo kuleyl ah ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka. Habka a-b waa habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah). Habka isochoric, ku darista kulaylka nidaamka waxay kordhisaa oo keliya tamarta gudaha ee nidaamka. Sidaa darteed, isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee nidaamka ka dib marka la helo ka qayb qaadashada kulaylka waa:
ΔU = Q
ΔU = 600 J
b) Isbeddellada ku yimaada tamarta gudaha ee habka a-b-c
Geedi socodka a-b = habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah). Inta lagu jiro habka a-b, 600 J oo kuleyl ah ayaa lagu daraa.
nidaamka. Maadaama mugga uu yahay mid joogto ah, nidaamku ma sameeyo wax shaqo ah.
Geedi socodka b‐c = habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah). Geedi socodka b‐c, 800 Joules oo kuleyl ah (Q) ayaa lagu daraa nidaamka. Geedi socodka isobaric, nidaamku wuu shaqayn karaa. Tirada shaqada uu nidaamku qabto marka uu socdo b‐c (geedi socodka isobaric) waa:
W = P (V)2 - V1) --‐ Cadaadis joogto ah
W = P2 (V2 - V1)
W = 4 x 105 N / m2 (4x10.3 m3 - 2 x 10.3 m3)
W = 4 x 105 N / m2 (2x10.3 m3)
W = 8 x 102 Joule
W = 800 Joule
Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray nidaamka habka a-b-c waa:
Wadarta Q = Q ab + Q bc
Wadarta Q = 600 J + 800 J
Wadarta Q = 1400 Joule
Shaqada guud ee uu nidaamku ka qabtay habka a-b-c waa:
Wadarta W = W ab + W bc
Wadarta W = 0 + W bc
Wadarta W = 0 + 800 Joule
Wadarta W = 800 Joule
Isbeddelka tamarta ee nidaamka habka a-b-c waa:
ΔU = Q - W
ΔU = 1400 J − 800 J
ΔU = 600 J
Isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee habka a-b-c = 600 J
c) Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray habka a-d-c
Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray nidaamka waxaa laga heli karaa isle'egta hoose:
ΔU = Q - W
Q = ΔU + W
Kulaylka guud ee lagu daray habka a‐d‐c = isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee habka a‐d‐c + shaqada guud ee lagu qabtay habka a‐d‐c.
Kuleylka iyo shaqadu waxay ku lug leeyihiin wareejinta tamarta u dhaxaysa nidaamka iyo deegaanka, halka isbeddellada ku yimaada tamarta gudaha waa natiijo ka dhalatay wareejinta tamarta ee u dhaxaysa nidaamka iyo deegaanka. Sidaa darteed, isbeddello tamarta gudaha kuma xirna habka wareejinta tamarta. Taas bedelkeeda, kulaylka iyo shaqadu waxay aad ugu xiran yihiin habka. Habka isochoric (mugga nidaamka joogtada ah), wareejinta tamarta waxay ku jirtaa oo keliya qaabka kulaylka, laakiin ma aha shaqada. Habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah), wareejinta tamarta waxay ku lug leedahay kulaylka iyo shaqada labadaba. Inkasta oo ay ka madax bannaan tahay habka, isbeddelka tamarta gudaha waxay ku xiran tahay xaaladaha bilowga ah iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee nidaamka. Haddii xaaladaha bilowga ah iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ay isku mid yihiin, isbeddelka tamarta gudaha had iyo jeer waa isku mid, xitaa haddii hababka ku lug leh ay kala duwan yihiin.
Xaaladda bilowga ah iyo xaaladda ugu dambeysa ee habka a-b-c ee jaantuska kore = xaaladda bilowga ah iyo xaaladda ugu dambeysa ee habka a-d-c. Sidaas darteed, isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee habka a-d-c = 600 J.
Wadarta shaqada (W) ee lagu sameeyay habka a-d-c = W ee habka a-d + W ee habka d-c.
Habka a-d waa habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah), halka habka d-c uu yahay habka isochoric (mugga joogtada ah). Maadaama mugga uu yahay mid joogto ah, shaqo laguma sameeyo habka d-c. Marka hore, waxaan xisaabineynaa shaqada lagu qabtay habka a-d.
W ad = P (V)2 - V1)
W ad = P1 (V2 - V1)
Xayeysiis W = 2 x 105 N / m2 (4x10.3 m3 - 2 x 10.3 m3)
Xayeysiis W = 2 x 105 N / m2 (2x10.3 m3)
Xayeysiis W = 4 x 102 Joule
W ad = 400 Joule
Wadarta W = W ee geedi socodka a‐d + W ee geedi socodka d‐c
Wadarta W = 400 Joules + 0
Wadarta W = 400 Joule
Sidaa darteed, xaddiga kulaylka lagu daray habka a-d-c waa:
Q = ΔU + W
Q = 600 J + 400 J
Q = 1000 J
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 3aad:
1 litir oo biyo ah ayaa isu beddesha 1671 litir oo uumi ah marka la kariyo cadaadis ah 1 atm. Go'aami isbeddelka tamarta gudaha iyo xaddiga shaqada ay qabtaan biyuhu marka ay uumi baxaan… (Kuleylka uumi-baxa biyaha = LV = 22,6x105 J/Kg)
Dood
Cufnaanta biyaha = 1000 kg/ m3
LV = 22,6x105 J/Kg
P = 1 atm = 1,013 x 105 Pa = 1,013 x 105 N / m2
V1 = 1 litir = 1 dm3 = 1x10.3 m3 (Mugga biyaha)
V2 = 1671 litir = 1671 dm3 = 1671x10.3 m3 (Mugga uumiga)
a) Isbeddellada tamarta gudaha
Isbeddelka tamarta gudaha = Kulaylka lagu daray biyaha - Shaqada waxaa qabta biyuhu marka uu uumi baxo. Marka hore, aan xisaabino kulaylka (Q) lagu daray biyaha...
Q = mL V
Cufnaanta (m) biyaha?
Cufnaanta biyaha = cufnaanta biyaha / mugga biyaha
Cufnaanta biyaha (m) = (cufnaanta biyaha) (mugga biyaha)
Cufka biyaha (m) = (1000 kg/m3)(1 x 10.3 m3)
Cufka biyaha (m) = (1000 kg/m3)(0,001 mitir3)
Cufka biyaha (m) = 1 Kg
Q = (1 kg)(22,6 x 105 J/kg)
Q = 22,6 x 10 5 J
Xisaabi shaqada (W) ee ay biyuhu qabtaan marka ay uumi baxaan. Karkarinta biyuhu waxay dhacdaa marka cadaadis joogto ah la saaro (habka isobaric).
W = p (V)2 - V1)
W = 1,013 x 105 N / m2 (1671x10.3 m3 - 1 x 10.3 m3)
W = 1,013 x 105 N / m2 (1670x10.3 m3)
W = 1691,71 x 102 Joule
W = 1,7 x 105 Joule
Isbeddellada tamarta ee biyaha:
ΔU = Q - W
ΔU = 22,6 x 105 J − 1, 7 x 105 J
ΔU = 20,9 x 105 J
ΔU = 21 x 105 J
21 x 105 Kulaylka lagu daray biyaha waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kordhiyo tamartiisa gudaha (ka gudubka awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya molecules-ka biyaha ku haya dareeraha). Si kale haddii loo dhigo, 21 x 105 J waxaa loo isticmaalaa in biyaha loogu beddelo uumi. Marka biyuhu noqdaan uumi, 1,7 x 105 Inta soo hartay ee J waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qabto shaqada.
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 4aad:
1 mole oo gaas ah oo ku jira dhululubo ayaa si degdeg ah ugu fida si isku mid ah. Heerkulka bilowga ah ee gaaska waa 1000 K. Ka dib marka la ballaariyo, heerkulka gaaska wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa 500 K. Go'aami shaqada uu gaaska qabtay... Dood
Ballaarinta gaaska waxay dhacdaa si adiabatic ah. Geedi socodka adiabatic, kuleyl ma soo galo ama ka baxo nidaamka. Sidaa darteed, shaqada uu sameeyo gaaska = isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee gaaska. Xisaab ahaan, tan waxaa loo qoray sidan:
ΔU = Q − W ama W = Q − Δ U → Q = 0
W = 0 − ΔU
W = − ΔU
Waxaan xisaabin karnaa isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee gaaska annagoo adeegsanayna isla'egta tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ee ku habboon:
ΔU = Dhammaadka U - Bilowga U
ΔU = 3/2 nR (T kama dambaysta ah - bilowga T)
ΔU = 3/2 (1 mol) (8,315 J/mol.K) (500 K - 1000 K)
ΔU = 3/2 (1 mol) (8,315 J/mol.K) (-500 K)
ΔU = ‐6236,25 J
Sidaa darteed, xaddiga shaqada uu qabto gaaska waa:
W = − ΔU
W = − ( − 6236, 25 J )
W = 6236, 25 J
