Jawiga Dunida ma jiro helium iyo gaas haydarojiin ah oo xor ah. Waxaa jira oo keliya nitrojiin (78%), ogsijiin (21%), argon (0,90%), kaarboon laba ogsaydh, iwm. Jawiga Venus waa ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba kaarboon laba ogsaydh (CO2 ) . Jawiga Jupiter wuxuu leeyahay helium iyo haydarojiin badan oo xor ah. Dayaxu ma laha jawi. Maxay nooca jawiga meere kasta uga duwan tahay? Maxay helium iyo haydarojiin bilaash ah ugu jirin jawiga Dhulka?
Xawaaraha celceliska xididka laba jibbaaran
Xawaaraha celceliska xididka = celceliska xididka labajibbaaran = v rms . Waxaan ka soo saari karnaa isla'egta v rms annagoo u beddeleyna isle'egyada Heerkulka iyo Tamarta Kinetic kuwa tarjumaadda.
Macluumaadka:
v rms = celceliska xididka xawaaraha laba jibbaaran ama xawaaraha (m/s)
k = Joogtada Boltzman n (k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K)
T = Heerkulka buuxa (K = Kelvin)
m = cufnaan (kg)
Macluumaadka:
v rms = celceliska xididka xawaaraha laba jibbaaran ama xawaaraha (m/s)
R = Joogtada gaaska guud (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
NA = Tirada molecules-ka halkii mole = Tirada Avogadro (NA = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol)
T = heerkulka (K)
M = cufka molecular = cufka molar (kg/kmol ama garaam/mol)
Vrms-ka kor ku xusan waa celceliska xawaaraha molecules-ka ee gaaska. Molecules-ka qaarkood waxay leeyihiin xawaare ka weyn vrms, halka kuwa kalena ay leeyihiin xawaare ka yar vrms. Sannadkii 1859, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) wuxuu si aragtiyeed u ogaaday qaybinta xawaaraha molecule-ka ee gaaska. Qaybinta xawaaraha molecule-ka ee Maxwell waxay ka timid aragtida kinetic-ga, sidaas darteedna waa mid sax ah oo loogu talagalay molecules-ka gaaska ee ku habboon. Qaybinta xawaaraha molecular-ka ee Maxwell waxay u muuqataa sida ka muuqata jaantuska hoose.
Sannadkii 1920, dhowr saynisyahano ah ayaa sameeyay tijaabooyin lagu baarayo qaybinta xawaaraha ee molecules-ka gaaska dhabta ah. Waxaa soo baxday in qaybinta xawaaraha ee molecules-ka gaaska dhabta ah ee laga helay tijaabooyinka ay la mid ahayd natiijooyinka Maxwell.
Marka cufnaanta gaaska ay ku filan tahay, qaybinta xawaaraha ee tijaabada lagu helay ee molecules-ka gaaska dhabta ah ma la mid aha qaybinta xawaaraha aragtiyeed ee uu soo saaray Maxwell. Sidaa darteed, qaybinta Maxwell, oo ku salaysan aragtida kinetic ee gaasaska iyadoo la adeegsanayo farsamooyinka Newtonian, waa mid xaddidan. Qaybinta xawaaraha ee molecules-ka gaaska ee cufnaanta sare waxaa lagu sharxi karaa mabaadi'da kuantumka.
Qaybinta heerka molecules-ka gaaska dhabta ah ee laga helay tijaabada waxay u egtahay sawirka hoose.
Shaxdani waxay muujinaysaa qaybinta xawaaraha molecules-ka gaaska dhabta ah ee laba heerkul oo kala duwan. Garaafka qaybinta xawaaraha molecules-ka laga helay tijaabadan wuxuu ku habboon yahay isle'egta vrms ee kor ku xusan (vrms waxay si toos ah ugu dhigantaa heerkulka). Sababtoo ah vrms waxay si toos ah ugu dhigantaa heerkulka, marka heerkulku kordho (T2), qalooca qaybinta heerka molecular-ka ayaa u wareegaya dhanka midig (v rms ayaa sii weynaanaya). EA (tamarta kicinta) waa tamarta ugu yar ee loo baahan yahay si falgal kiimiko ah u dhaco.
Laga soo bilaabo garaafka kore, waxay u muuqataa in heerkulka sare, molecules badan ay leeyihiin tamar firfircooni oo ka weyn tamarta firfircoonida (EA). Tani waa sababta heerkulka sare, falcelinta kiimikada oo dhakhso badan. Heerkulka sare, tamarta dhaqdhaqaaqa ee molecules-ka ayaa sii weynaanaysa. Maadaama molecules-ku ay leeyihiin tamar firfircooni oo sare, marka ay isku dhacaan, way isku dhegi karaan.
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 1aad:
Go'aami rms v ee molecule-ka Nitrogen (N2 ) hawada heerkulkiisu yahay 20 o C (cufka molecular-ka ee Natrogen = 28 garaam/mol = 28 kg/kmol)
Dood
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 (kg m 2 / s 2 )/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Cufka molar ama cufka molar ee N 2 (M) = 2 x 14 u = 2 x 14 garaam/mol = 28 garaam/mol = 28 kg/kmol (cufka atomiga ee N = 14 u. fiiri jadwalka xilliyeed ee curiyayaasha)
Tirada molecules/mol = Tirada Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Cufka Naytarojiin (m) = ?
Heerka naytaroojiinta rms (v rms) = ?
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 2aad:
Go'aami rms v ee Helium (He) hawada heerkulkiisu yahay 20 o C…. (cufka molecular ee Helium = 4 garaam/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Dood
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Cufka molar/Culayska molecular-ka ee He (M) = 4 u = 4 garaam/mol = 4 kg/kmol (culayska atomiga ee He = 4 u. fiiri jadwalka xilliyeed ee curiyayaasha)
Tirada molecules/mol = Tirada Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Cufnaan Isaga (m) = ?
Heerka RMS He (v rms) = ?
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 3aad:
Go'aami rms v ee Haydarojiin (H2 ) hawada heerkulkiisu yahay 20 o C…. (cufka molecular ee Haydarojiin = 2 garaam/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Dood
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Cufnaanta molar/M cufnaanta molikuyuulka ee Haydarojiin (M) = 2 x 1 u = 2 u = 2 garaam/mol = 2 kg/kmol (cufnaanta atomiga ee H = 1 u. fiiri jadwalka xilliyeed ee curiyayaasha)
Tirada molecules/mol = Tirada Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 102 3 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Cufka H 2 (m) = ?
Heerka RMS ee H2 ( v rms) = ?
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 4aad:
Go'aami heerka rms ee molecules oksijiin (O2 ) hawada heerkulkiisu yahay 20 oC . (cufka molecular ee O2 = 32 garaam/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Dood
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Cufka molar/Cufka molecular ee ogsijiinta (M) = 2 x 16 u = 32 u = 32 garaam/mol = 32 kg/kmol (cufka atomiga O = 16 u. fiiri jadwalka xilliyeed ee curiyayaasha)
Tirada molecules/mol = Tirada Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Cufnaanta O2 ( m) = ?
Heerka RMS ee H2 ( v rms) = ?
Tusaale ahaan su'aal 5aad:
Go'aami heerka rms ee molecules-ka kaarboon laba ogsaydh ( CO2 ) ee hawada heerkulkiisu yahay 20 o C. (cufka molecular-ka ee CO2 = 44 garaam/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Dood
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 (kg m 2 / s 2 )/K
T = 30 o C + 273 = 293 K
Cufka molar/Culayska molecular-ka ee CO2 ( M) = 12 u + (2 x 16 u) = 12 u + 32 u = 44 u = 44 garaam/mol = 44 kg/kmol (culayska atomiga C = 12 u, cufka atomiga O = 16 u. Eeg jadwalka xilliyeed ee curiyayaasha)
Tirada molecules/mol = Tirada Avogadro (NA ) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Cufka CO2 ( m) = ?
Heerka CO2 rms (v rms) = ?
v rms noocyada qaar ee gaaska
Hadda aan isbarbar dhigno rms v ee noocyo badan oo gaas ah:
v rms Haydarojiin (H 2 ) = 1917 m/s = 1,92 km/s (heerkulka 20 o C)
v rms Helium (He) = 1355,7 m/s = 1,36 km/s (heerkulka 20 o C)
v rms Naytarojiin (N 2 ) = 510,75 m/s = 0,51 km/s (heerkulka 20 o C)
v rms Ogsijiin (O2 ) = 478,4 m/s = 0,48 km/s (heerkulka 20 oC )
v rms kaarboon laba ogsaydh (CO2 ) = 407,6 m/s = 0,41 km/s (heerkulka 20 o C)
Gaaska leh xawaaraha ugu sarreeya ee rms waa haydarojiin, kan ugu hooseeyana waa kaarboon laba ogsaydh. Hadda tan barbar dhig xawaaraha baxsashada ee dusha sare ee Dhulka (xawaaraha baxsashada = 11,2 km/s). Xawaaraha baxsashada waa xawaaraha ugu yar ee looga baahan yahay shay si uu uga baxsado goobta cufisjiidadka Dhulka.
Haddii vrms-ka molecules-ka gaaska uu yahay 1/6 oo keliya xawaaraha baxsashada (1/6 x 11,2 km/s = 1,86 km/s), markaa waxaa jira molecules gaas badan oo xawaarihiisu ka weyn yahay xawaaraha baxsashada (xusuusnow qaybinta xawaaraha molecule-ka ee kor lagu sharaxay). Heerkulka 20 o C, vrms Gaaska Haydarojiin = 1,92 km/s (> 1,86 km/s). Dhanka kale, vrms oo gaaska helium ah heerkul ah 20 o C = 1,36 km/s (ku dhawaad 1,86 km/s). Tani waa heerkul ah 20 o C.
Heerkulka oo sarreeya, ayaa qiimaha rms-ku sii kordhayaa. Inta uu qiimaha rms-ku sarreeyo, ayaa fursadda ah in laga baxsado goobta cufisjiidadka dhulka. Tani waa sababta helium-ka xorta ah iyo haydarojiinku uga maqan yihiin jawiga dhulka.
Baaxadda xawaaraha baxsashada meeraha iyo xawaaraha rms ee molecules-ka gaaska ayaa go'aamiya nooca jawiga meeraha ama dayax-gacmeedku leeyahay. Xawaaraha baxsashada ee Venus waa 10,3 km/s. Xawaaraha rms ee CO2 aad ayuu u yar yahay oo way adag tahay inuu ka baxsado jawiga Venus. Dhanka kale, xawaaraha baxsashada ee Jupiter waa 60 km/s, taas oo aad u weyn sababtoo ah dhexroorka weyn ee Jupiter. Sidaa darteed, haydarojiin iyo helium ma baxsan karaan goobta cufisjiidadka ee Jupiter.
