Sharciga gaaska ee ku habboon (Isleegga xaaladda gaaska ku habboon)

Maqaal ku saabsan sharciga gaaska ee ugu habboon (Isleegga xaaladda gaaska ku habboon)

Sharciyada gaaska waxaa ka mid ah: Sharciga Boyle, sharciga Charles iyo sharciga Gay-Lussac Haddii sharciga gaaska ee ku habboon uusan khuseyn dhammaan xaaladaha gaaska, falanqaynteennu way adkaan doontaa. Si loo fududeeyo falanqaynta, waxaa la sameeyay qaab gaas ku habboon. Gaasaska ku habboon ma jiraan nolol maalmeedka; waa qaabab qumman oo loo sameeyay si loo fududeeyo falanqaynta. Fikradda gaaska ku habboon sidoo kale waxay si weyn nooga caawisaa baaritaanka xiriirka ka dhexeeya saddexda sharci ee gaaska.

Xiriirka ka dhexeeya heerkulka, mugga iyo cadaadiska gaaska

Markaan tixraacno saddexda sharci ee gaaska ee kor ku xusan, waxaan ka heli karnaa xiriir guud oo ka dhexeeya heerkulka, mugga iyo cadaadiska gaaska.

Haddii isle'egta 1, isle'egta 2 iyo isle'egta 3 la isku daro hal, waxay u ekaan doontaa sidan: PV ∝ T → Isbarbardhigga 4

Saamigani wuxuu sheegayaa in cadaadiska (P) iyo mugga (V) ay u dhigmaan heerkulka buuxa (T).

Taas bedelkeeda, mugga (V) wuxuu si liddi ah ugu dhigmaa cadaadiska (P).

Saamiga 4aad waxaa loo beddelay isla'egta:

Macluumaadka:

P₁ = cadaadis bilow ah (Pa ama N/m)²)

P₂ = cadaadiska kama dambaysta ah (Pa ama N/m)²)

V₁ = mugga bilowga ah (m³)

V₂ = mugga kama dambaysta ah (m³)

T₁ = heerkulka bilowga ah (K)

T₂ = heerkulka kama dambaysta ah (K)

(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m² = mitir laba jibbaaran, m³ = mitir saddexjibbaaran, K = Kelvin)

Xiriirka ka dhexeeya cufka gaaska (m) iyo mugga (V)

Marka buufin hawo kulul la afuufo, hawada badan ee la qaato ayaa sii fideysa. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, inta uu le'eg yahay cufka gaaska, ayaa uu sii ballaaranayaa mugga buufinta. Waxaan dhihi karnaa cufka gaaska (m) wuxuu si toos ah ugu dhigmaa mugga gaaska (V). Xisaab ahaan:

V ∝ m → Saamiga 5

Haddii isle'egta 4 lagu daro isle'egta 5 markaas:

PV ∝ mT → Isbarbardhigga 6

Tirada burooyinka (n)

1 mole = cufka walax la mid ah cufka molecular-ka walaxdaas. Cufka molecular-ka iyo cufku way kala duwan yihiin.

Tusaale 1, cufka molekulka ee gaaska oksijiinta (O₂) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (molecule kasta oo oksijiin ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay 2 atam oksijiin ah, halkaas oo atam kasta oo oksijiin ah uu leeyahay cufnaan dhan 16 u). Sidaa darteed, 1 mole O₂ wuxuu leeyahay cuf dhan 32 garaam. Ama cufnaanta molecular-ka ee O₂ = 32 garaam/mol = 32 kg/kmol.

Tusaale 2, cufka molecular ee gaaska kaarboon monoksaydh (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (molecule kasta oo kaarboon monoksaydh ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay 1 atom kaarboon (C) iyo 1 atom oksijiin (O). Cufka 1 atom kaarboon = 12 u iyo cufka 1 atom oksijiin = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Sidaas darteed, 1 molecule oo kaarboon ah wuxuu leeyahay cuf dhan 28 garaam. Ama cufka molecular ee CO = 28 garaam/mol = 28 kg/kmol.

Tusaale 3, cufka molecular ee gaaska kaarboon laba ogsaydh (CO2)₂) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (molecule kasta oo kaarboon laba ogsaydh ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay 1 atom kaarboon (C) iyo 2 atom oksijiin (O). Cufnaanta 1 atom kaarboon = 12 u iyo cufka 1 atom oksijiin = 16 u). Sidaas darteed, 1 mol CO2₂ wuxuu leeyahay cuf dhan 44 garaam. Ama cufnaanta molecular-ka ee CO₂ = 44 garaam/mol = 44 kg/kmol.

Tirada moles (n) ee walax = saamiga cufka walaxda iyo cufkeeda molecular. Xisaab ahaan sidan ayaa loo qoray:

Tusaale 1: Xisaabi tirada burooyinka ku jira 64 garaam oo O ah₂

Cufnaanta O₂ = 64 garaam

Tusaale 2: Xisaabi tirada burooyinka ku jira 280 garaam oo CO ah

Cufka CO = 280 garaam

Tusaale 3: Xisaabi tirada burooyinka ku jira 176 garaam oo CO ah₂

Cufnaanta CO₂ = 176 garaam

Joogtada gaaska guud (R)

Iyada oo lagu saleynayo cilmi-baaris ay sameeyeen saynisyahannadu, waxaa la ogaaday in marka tirada moles (n) loo isticmaalo in lagu muujiyo cabbirka walax, joogtada saamiga ee gaas kasta waxay leedahay qiime isku mid ah. Joogtada saamiga ee su'aasha laga qabo waa joogsiga gaaska guud (R).

R = 8,315 J/mol.K

= 8315 kJ/kmol.K

= 0,0821 (L.atm) / (mol.K)

= 1,99 kalori / mol. K

(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = litir, atm = jawi, kal = kaloori)

SHARCIGA GAASKA EE KU HABOON (ee ku jira jiirarka)

Isbarbardhigga kor ku xusan waxaa loo rogi karaa isla'eg iyadoo la gelinayo tirada moles (n) iyo joogtada gaaska guud (R).

PV = nRT

Isla'egtan waxaa loo yaqaan sharciga gaaska ee ugu habboon ama isla'egta gaaska ee ugu habboon ee gobolka.

Macluumaadka:

P = cadaadiska gaaska (N/m)²)

V = mugga gaaska (m)³)

n = tirada burooyinka (mol)

R = joogto gaas oo caalami ah (R = 8,315 J/mol.K)

T = heerkulka buuxa ee gaaska (K)

Xalinta dhibaatooyinka, waxaad la kulmi doontaa ereyga STP. STP waa soo gaabin Heerkulka iyo Cadaadiska Caadiga ah ama Heerkulka iyo Cadaadiska Caadiga ah.

Heerkulka caadiga ah (T) = 0 ^oC = 273 K

Cadaadiska caadiga ah (P) = 1 atm = 1,013 x 10⁵ N / m² = 1,013x10² kPa = 101 kPa

Marka la xallinayo dhibaatooyinka sharciga gaaska, heerkulka waa in lagu muujiyaa cabbirka Kelvin (K).

Haddii cadaadiska gaasku wali yahay cadaadis cabbir ah, marka hore u beddel cadaadis dhammaystiran.

Cadaadis buuxa = cadaadis jawi + cadaadis cabbir (cadaadis jawi = cadaadis hawada dibadda ah)

Haddii waxa la yaqaan ay tahay cadaadiska jawiga (ma jiro cadaadis cabbir), si toos ah u xalli dhibaatada.

Tusaale ahaan su'aal 1aad:

Cadaadiska jawiga (101 kPa), heerkulka gaaska kaarboon laba ogsaydh = 20 ^oC iyo mugga = 2 litir. Haddii cadaadiska loo beddelo 201 kPa oo heerkulku kor u kaco ilaa 40 ^oC, xisaabi mugga ugu dambeeya ee gaaska kaarboon laba ogsaydh.

Dood

Waa la ogyahay in:

P₁ = 101 kPa

P₂ = 201 kPa

T₁ = 20 ^oC + 273 K = 293 K

T₂ = 40 ^oC + 273 K = 313 K

V₁ = 2 litir

La weydiiyay: V₂

Jawaab:

Tusaale ahaan su'aal 2aad:

Go'aami mugga 2 moles oo gaas ah oo ku jira STP (u qaado in gaaskani yahay gaas ku habboon)

Dood

Mugga 2 moles oo gaas ah oo ku jira STP (heerkulka caadiga ah iyo cadaadiska) waa 44,8 litir.

Tusaale ahaan su'aal 3aad:

Mugga gaaska oksijiinta ee STP = 20 m³Waa maxay cufka gaaska oksijiinta?

Dood

Cufnaanta molecular-ka ee ogsijiinta = 32 garaam/mol (cufnaanta 1 mole oo ogsijiin ah = 32 garaam). Sidaa darteed, cufnaanta gaaska ogsijiinta waa:

cufnaanta (m) = tirada burooyinka (n) x cufnaanta molecular

cufnaanta = (893 moles) x (32 garaam/mol) = 28576 garaam = 28,576 kg

Tusaale ahaan su'aal 4aad:

Taangigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 4 litir oo gaas ogsijiin ah (O₂Heerkulka gaaska oksijiinta = 20 ^oC iyo cadaadiska la cabbiray = 20 x 10⁵ N / m²Go'aami cufka gaaska oksijiinta (cufka molecular ee oksijiinta = 32 kg/kmol = 32 garaam/mol)

Dood

SHARCIGA GAASKA EE KU HABOON (Tirada molecules-ka)

Haddii aan cabirka walax ku cabirno cufnaanta (m), laakiin aan ku cabirno tirada moles-ka (n), markaa joogtada gaaska guud (R) waxay khuseysaa dhammaan gaasaska. Tan waxaa markii ugu horreysay ogaaday Amedeo Avogadro (1776‐1856), oo ahaa saynisyahan Talyaani ah.

Avogadro wuxuu sheegay in marka mugga, cadaadiska iyo heerkulka gaas kasta ay isku mid yihiin, markaas gaas kastaa wuxuu leeyahay tiro isku mid ah oo molecules ah.

Jumlada ku qoran farta farta madow waxaa loo yaqaan mala-awaalka Avogadro. Mala-awaalka Avogadro, ama mala-awaalka, wuxuu la jaan qaadayaa xaqiiqda ah in R-ga joogtada ah uu isku mid yahay dhammaan gaasaska. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah caddaynta:

Marka hore, haddii aan xallino dhibaatada annagoo adeegsanayna isle'egta sharciga gaaska ee ugu habboon (PV = nRT), waxaan ogaan doonnaa marka tirada moles (n) ay isku mid tahay, cadaadiska iyo heerkulku sidoo kale isku mid yihiin, markaas mugga dhammaan gaasaska ayaa isku mid noqon doona, haddii aan isticmaalno joogtada gaaska guud (R = 8,315 J/mol.K). STP, gaas kasta oo leh tiro isku mid ah oo moles (n) ah wuxuu yeelan doonaa mug isku mid ah. Mugga 1 moles oo gaas ah oo STP ah = 22,4 litir. Mugga 2 moles oo gaas ah = 44,8 litir. Mugga 3 moles oo gaas ah = 67,2 litir. Iyo wixii la mid ah… tani waxay khuseysaa dhammaan gaasaska.

Labaad, tirada molecules-ka ku jira 1 mole waa isku mid dhammaan gaasaska. Tirada molecules-ka ku jira 1 mole = tirada molecules-ka ku jira mole = tirada Avogadro (N)_A). Markaa tirada Avogadro waa isku mid dhammaan gaasaska.

Cabbirka tirada Avogadro waxaa lagu helaa cabbiraadaha:

NA = 6,02 x 10²³ Molekulada/mol

Si loo helo wadarta tirada molecules-ka (N), waxaan ku dhufan karnaa tirada molecules-ka mole kasta (NA) tirada molecules-ka (n).

Kani waa isle'egta sharciga gaaska ee ugu habboon marka la eego tirada molecules-ka.

Macluumaadka:

P = Cadaadis

V = mugga

N = Wadarta tirada molecules-ka

k = Joogtada Boltzmann (k = 1,38 x 10^.23 J/K)

T = Heerkulka

mugga

1 litir (L) = 1000 millilitir (mL) = 1000 sentimitir cubic (cm)³)

1 litir (L) = 1 saddex jibbaaran oo saddex jibbaaran (dm)³) = 1 x 10^.3 m³

Tekanan

1 N / m² = 1 Pa

1 atm = 1.013 x 10⁵ N / m² = 1,013x10⁵ Pa = 1,013 x 10² kPa = 101,3 kPa (badanaa 101 kPa ayaa la isticmaalaa)

Pa = pascal

atm = jawi

Tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ku habboon

Tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ku habboon ee monatomic

Tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ku habboon ee monatomic waa wadarta guud ee tamarta ku habboon ee tarjumaadda ee molecules-ka gaaska ku habboon ee monatomic. Wadarta guud ee tamarta ku habboon ee tarjumaadda ee molecules-ka gaaska ku habboon = natiijada celceliska tamarta ku habboon ee tarjumaadda ee molecules kasta iyadoo loo eegayo tirada molecules-ka (N). Xisaab ahaan:

Macluumaadka:

U = Tamar gudaha ah oo ka mid ah gaaska ku habboon ee monatomic (J)

N = Tirada molecules-ka

k = Joogtada Boltzmann (k = 1,38 x 10 ^.23 J/K)

T = Heerkulka buuxa (K)

n = Tirada burooyinka (mol)

R = Joogtada gaaska guud (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)

Tamarta ku jirta gaaska ku habboon ee diatomic

Tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ku habboon ee diatomic waa wadarta tamarta ku habboon ee tarjumaadda, tamarta ku habboon ee wareegga, iyo tamarta ku habboon ee gariirka ee molecules-ka gaaska ku habboon ee diatomic. Sida waafaqsan mabda'a qalabaynta tamarta, tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ku habboon ee diatomic waa:

U = 5/2 n RT

Tamarta ku jirta gaaska ku habboon ee polyatomic

Tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ku habboon polyatomic waa wadarta tamarta ku habboon tarjumaadda, tamarta ku habboon wareegga, iyo tamarta ku habboon gariirka ee molecules-ka gaaska ku habboon polyatomic. Sida waafaqsan mabda'a qalabaynta tamarta, tamarta gudaha ee gaaska ku habboon polyatomic waa:

U = 7/2 n RT

Tamarta gaaska dhabta ah

Tamarta ku jirta gaaska dhabta ah waxay sidoo kale ku xiran tahay heerkulka. Marka cadaadiska gaaska dhabta ah uu ku filan yahay (mugga gaaska dhabta ah waa yar yahay), gaaska dhabta ah wuxuu bilaabaa inuu muujiyo dabeecad leexasho leh. Sidaa darteed, waxaa la dhihi karaa tamarta ku jirta gaaska dhabta ah waxay sidoo kale ku xiran tahay cadaadiska iyo mugga.