Cinwaanka: Tusaale Su'aalaha Doodda ee ku saabsan Aragtida laga bilaabo Prokaryotic ilaa Eukaryotic
Pendahuluan
Bayoolajiga, mid ka mid ah mowduucyada muhiimka ah ee laga wada hadlay waa isbeddelka laga bilaabo noolaha prokaryotic ilaa eukaryotic. Prokaryotes waa nooleyaal hal unugle ah oo aan lahayn xudunta iyo organelles-ka xuubka ku xiran, sida bakteeriyada iyo archaea. Dhanka kale, eukaryotes waa nooleyaal leh unugyo leh xudunta dhabta ah iyo organelles-ka xuubka ku xiran, oo ay ku jiraan xayawaanka, dhirta, fangaska, iyo protists. Aragtidan horumarka waa mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan taariikhda nolosha Dhulka.
Aragtida ugu caansan ee sharraxaysa kala-guurkan waa aragtida endosymbiosis, oo markii ugu horreysay ay caan ku noqotay Lynn Margulis sannadkii 1967. Aragtidani waxay sheegaysaa in eukaryotes-ku ay ka soo baxeen xiriir wadareed oo u dhexeeya dhowr unug oo prokaryotic ah. Maqaalkani wuxuu dib u eegi doonaa muunadaha dhibaatooyinka wuxuuna ka hadli doonaa aragtidan, taas oo rajeyneysa inay gacan ka geysan doonto fahamka horumarka unugyada.
Su'aalo iyo Doodo Tusaale ah
Su'aal 1aad: Sharax aragtida endosymbiosis oo sheeg caddaymaha taageeraya aragtidan.
Dood:
Aragtida endosymbiosis waxay sharraxaysaa in organelles-ka sida mitochondria iyo chloroplasts-ka ee unugyada eukaryotic-ga ay ka soo jeedaan prokaryotes-ka nool ee xorta ah ee ku noolaa gudaha unug eukaryotic ah oo awooweyaal ah. Markii hore, unug prokaryotic ah oo aerobic ah ayaa galay unug kale oo prokaryotic ah oo weyn oo ah endosymbiont. Waqti ka dib, xiriirka symbiotic-ga ayaa ka faa'iidaystay labada dhinac, iyadoo unugga martida loo yahay uu ka faa'iidaysanayo awoodaha dheef-shiid kiimikaadka endosymbiont, halka endosymbiont-ku uu helay jawi ammaan ah iyo ilo. Ugu dambeyntii, endosymbiont-kan wuxuu isu beddelay organelle.
Caddaymaha taageeraya aragtida endosymbiosis waxaa ka mid ah:
1. Mitochondria iyo chloroplasts waxay leeyihiin DNA-da wareegsan ee u gaarka ah oo la mid ah DNA-da bakteeriyada.
2. Labadan organelle waxay leeyihiin laba xuub, taasoo muujinaysa in hal lakab oo xuub ah laga soo qaatay faysal-ka phagocytic ee unugga martida loo yahay.
3. Mitochondria iyo chloroplasts si madax-bannaan ayay ugu tarmaan unugga iyada oo loo marayo kala-goysyada laba-geesoodka ah, hab ay isticmaalaan prokaryotes.
4. Falanqaynta phylogenetic-ga waxay muujinaysaa in hiddo-sidayaasha ku jira mitochondria iyo chloroplasts ay aad ugu egyihiin hiddo-sidayaasha bakteeriyada marka loo eego hiddo-sidayaasha ku jira xudunta eukaryotic.
Su'aal 2: Tusaale ka bixi noole taageera aragtida endosymbiosis.
Dood:
Tusaale ka mid ah noolaha taageera aragtida endosymbiosis waa Amoeba proteus iyo endosymbiont-keeda bakteeriyada. Amoeba proteus waa protozoan eukaryotic ah oo samayn kara xiriir wadareed oo lala yeesho bakteeriyada iyo algae. Xiriirkani wuxuu noo ogolaanayaa inaan aragno qaab hore oo xiriir endosymbiosis ah.
Tusaale kale waa Cyanophora paradoxa, oo ah eukaryotic protist oo leh cyanelles, organelles photosynthetic ah oo loo maleynayo inay yihiin endosymbionts oo ka tirsan cyanobacteria. Jiritaanka noolahaan waxay soo jeedinaysaa xiriir isku dhafan oo sii waday inuu sameeyo chloroplasts noolaha kale ee photosynthetic.
Su'aal 3: Sidee mitochondria iyo chloroplasts loogu tixgelin karaa natiijo ka dhalatay horumarka ka yimaada prokaryotes?
Dood:
Mitochondria iyo chloroplasts waxaa loo maleynayaa inay ka soo baxeen prokaryotes sababtoo ah isku ekaanshaha kor ku xusan, sida joogitaanka DNA-da wareegsan iyo taranka iyada oo loo marayo kala-goynta laba-geesoodka ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, falanqaynta hidde-sidaha waxay soo jeedinaysaa in chloroplasts-ku ay ka soo jeedaan cyanobacteria iyo mitochondria oo ka yimaada proteobacteria. Xogta molecular-ka ayaa muujinaysa in hidde-sideyaal gaar ah oo ku jira mitochondria iyo chloroplasts ay aad ugu egyihiin hidde-sideyaasha bakteeriyada qaarkood.
Habkan isbeddelka ah wuxuu u badan yahay inuu dhacay marxalado dhowr ah, iyadoo tallaabada ugu horreysa ay ahayd noole prokaryotic ah oo ku nool deegaan hodan ku ah probiotic. Nuugista iyo haynta endosymbions ma aha oo kaliya inay bixisay faa'iidooyin dheef-shiid kiimikaad laakiin sidoo kale waxay saamaysay awoodda noolaha ee uu uga faa'iidaysan karo kheyraad kala duwan, taasoo keentay faa'iido horumarineed oo muhiim ah.
Su'aal 4: Waa maxay faraqa aasaasiga ah ee u dhexeeya unugyada prokaryotic iyo eukaryotic marka laga eego dhinaca qaab-dhismeedka-shaqada?
Dood:
Farqiga aasaasiga ah ee u dhexeeya unugyada prokaryotic iyo eukaryotic waxaa ka mid ah:
1. Jiritaanka Nukliyeer: Unugyada Eukaryotic waxay leeyihiin xudunta dhabta ah ee lagu ilaaliyo xuubka nukliyeerka, halka unugyada prokaryotic aysan lahayn xudunta; DNA-doodu waxay ku taal cytoplasm-ka meel la yiraahdo nukliyeer.
2. Qaab-dhismeedka DNA-da: DNA-da unugyada prokaryotic-ga waa mid wareegsan oo fudud, halka DNA-da ku jirta eukaryotes-ku ay tahay mid aad u adag oo toosan oo leh histones oo sameeya chromatin.
3. Unugyada ku xiran xuubka: Unugyada Eukaryotic waxay leeyihiin organelles kala duwan oo ku xiran xuubka, sida mitochondria, chloroplasts, qalabka Golgi, iyo endoplasmic reticulum. Unugyada Prokaryotic ma laha organelles-kan.
4. Cabbirka Unugyada: Guud ahaan, unugyada eukaryotic-ga way ka weyn yihiin unugyada prokaryotic-ga.
5. Qaybinta Unugyada: Unugyada prokaryotic waxay u qaybsamaan laba-geesood, halka unugyada eukaryotic ay u qaybsamaan iyada oo loo marayo mitosis ama meiosis.
Gabagabo
Kala-guurka ka yimid noolaha prokaryotic-ga una gudbay noolaha eukaryotic-ga wuxuu ahaa tallaabo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan horumarka nolosha Dhulka. Iyada oo loo marayo aragtida endosymbiosis-ka, waxaan fahamsanahay sida prokaryotes-ku u soo baxeen unugyo eukaryotic ah oo isku dhafan, oo awood u leh inay sameeyaan kakanaanta nolosha sida aan maanta u naqaanno. Fahmidda hababka iyo caddaynta ka dambeysa aragtidan waxay ka caawisaa sharraxaadda kala duwanaanshaha iyo horumarka noolaha meeraheenna. Sidaa darteed, barashada su'aalaha ku saabsan aragtidan waxay ballaarin doontaa fahamkeenna asalka noocyada kala duwan ee adduunka.
