Tusaalaha Su'aalaha Doodda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Raajada
Hawlgalka shucaacu waa dhacdo dabiici ah oo qaar ka mid ah unugyada atomiga ay ku dhacaan burbur iskiis ah, iyagoo sii daaya walxo ama tamar qaab shucaac ah. Dhacdadani waxay kicisaa falcelinno kala duwan oo ku saabsan sayniska, tignoolajiyada, iyo xitaa caafimaadka. Hawlgalka shucaacu wuxuu leeyahay codsiyo kala duwan, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay faham qoto dheer si loo isticmaalo si badbaado leh oo wax ku ool ah. Maqaalkan, waxaan ka hadli doonnaa dhowr tusaale oo dhibaatooyin ah oo la xiriira firfircoonida shucaaca iyo xalalkooda, kuwaas oo kaa caawin kara inaad si qoto dheer u fahamto fikraddan.
Su'aal 1aad: Xisaabinta Nus-nolosha
Su'aal: Muunad shucaac ah waxay ka kooban tahay 80 garaam oo isotope gaar ah oo leh nus-nololeed 10 sano ah. Immisa isotope ah ayaa harsan 30 sano ka dib?
Dood: Nus-noloshu waa wakhtiga loo baahan yahay in kala bar qaddarka bilowga ah ee isotope-ka shucaaca uu qudhmo. Si loo go'aamiyo xaddiga isotope-ka ee harsan waqti cayiman ka dib, waxaan isticmaali karnaa qaacidada qudhunka:
\[ N = N_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\frac{t}{t_{1/2}}} \]
Halkee:
– \( N \) waa tirada isotopes-ka haray.
– \( N_0 \) waa tirada bilowga ah ee isotopes-ka (80 garaam).
– \( t \) waa waqtigii dhaafay (30 sano).
– \( t_{1/2} \) waa nus-nololeed (10 sano).
Beddelidda doorsoomayaasha lambarro la yaqaan:
\[ N = 80 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\frac{30}{10}} = 80 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3 = 80 \times \frac{1}{8} = 10 \text{ grams} \]
Markaa, 30 sano ka dib, 10 garaam oo isotope ah ayaa weli jira.
Su'aal 2: Go'aaminta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Raajada
Su'aal: Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqa bilowga ah ee muunadda shucaaca uu yahay 2000 Bq iyo 5 sano ka dib dhaqdhaqaaqeedu uu noqdo 250 Bq, go'aami nus-nololeedkeeda.
Dood: Dhaqdhaqaaqa (\(A\)) ee muunadda shucaaca waxay si toos ah ugu dhigantaa xaddiga isotope-ka jira:
\[ A = A_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\frac{t}{t_{1/2}}} \]
Isticmaalka macluumaadka la bixiyay:
– Hawlgalkii ugu horreeyay (\(A_0\)) = 2000 Bq
– Hawlaha hadda socda (\(A\)) = 250 Bq
– Waqtiga dhacay (\(t\)) = 5 sano
Ku beddel tirooyinka qaacidada:
\[ 250 = 2000 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\frac{5}{t_{1/2}}} \]
\[ \frac{1}{8} = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\frac{5}{t_{1/2}}} \]
Si aan u xallino isla'egtan, waxaan go'aamineynaa awoodda \(\frac{1}{2}\) taasoo keenta \(\frac{1}{8}\). Markaa, \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3 = \frac{1}{8}\).
Markaa, waxaan qori karnaa:
\[ \frac{5}{t_{1/2}} = 3 \]
\[ t_{1/2} = \frac{5}{3} \qiyaastii 1.67 \qoraal{sanno} \]
Markaa, nolosha badhkeed ee isotope-ka waa qiyaastii 1.67 sano.
Su'aal 3: Tamarta Burburka Raajada
Su'aal: Nucleus-ka atamka wuxuu burburaa isagoo sii daaya walxaha alfa (helion: He) oo sii daaya 5 MeV oo tamar ah. Xisaabi tamarta la sii daayo haddii 10 garaam oo nukliyeer ah ay gebi ahaanba qudhunto. U qaado in hal mole oo ka mid ah nukliyeerkan uu ka kooban yahay atamka joogtada ah ee Avogadro ee \(6.022 \times 10^{23}\).
Dood: Marka hore, waxaan u baahanahay inaan go'aamino inta atam ee ku jira 10 garaam. Haddii hal atam uu sii daayo 5 MeV, waxaan u baahanahay inaan tan u beddelno tamarta guud ee dhammaan atamka.
1. Xisaabi tirada burooyinka xudunta:
– Ka soo qaad in miisaanka atomiga ee xudunta uu yahay 210 (tusaale ahaan isotope).
– Markaa, tirada burooyinka ku jira 10 garaam = \(\frac{10}{210}\) burooyinka.
2. Tiri tirada atamka:
– Tirada atamka = \(\frac{10}{210} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}\).
3. Xisaabi tamarta guud:
– Tamarta guud = Tirada atamka \(\times\) 5 MeV.
– Xasuuso inaad MeV u beddesho joules marka loo baahdo (1 MeV = \(1.602 \times 10^{-13}\) J).
Markaa:
Tirada atamka = \(\frac{10}{210} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}\).
Tamarta guud = \(\left(\frac{10}{210} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}\right) \times 5 \times 1.602 \times 10^{-13}\) J.
Tani waxay bixin doontaa wadarta guud ee tamarta lagu xisaabiyay Joules.
Gabagabo
Doodda kor ku xusan waxay bixinaysaa tusaalooyin caadi ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha shucaaca ee laga yaabo inay ka soo baxaan casharrada fiisigiska nukliyeerka. Faham buuxa oo ku saabsan fikradaha qudhunka shucaaca, xisaabinta nus-nolosha, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo tamarta ay soo saarto qudhunku waa lama huraan, maadaama ay leeyihiin saameyn muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dhinacyo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan daawada (gaar ahaan daaweynta shucaaca), tamarta nukliyeerka, iyo ilaalinta shucaaca.
Fahmidda fikradahan aasaasiga ah waxay sidoo kale aasaas u tahay sahaminta teknoolojiyada mustaqbalka ee ku lug leh firfircoonida shucaaca, iyadoo sidoo kale kor u qaadaysa wacyiga ku saabsan muhiimadda ay leedahay in si ammaan ah loo maareeyo walxaha shucaaca si loo ilaaliyo caafimaadka aadanaha iyo deegaanka. Arday ahaan ama cilmi-baarayaal ahaan, awoodda lagu xallin karo dhibaatooyinka noocan oo kale ah waxay gacan ka geysan kartaa codsiyada cilmiyeed ee dheeraadka ah iyo daahfurka cusub.
