Su'aalo & Doodo Tusaalo ah oo ku saabsan Yaraynta Cadaadiska Uumiga ee Xalka
Hoos u dhaca cadaadiska uumiga ee xalka (Niyad-jabka Cadaadiska Uumiga) waa sifada isku-dhafka ah ee xalalka, taas oo ku xiran oo keliya tirada walxaha milmay ee aan ku xirnayn dabeecadda kiimikada ee walxahaas. Si loo fududeeyo fahamka, waxaan ka wada hadli doonnaa fikraddan iyada oo loo marayo dhowr tusaale iyo doodo faahfaahsan.
Fikradda Aasaasiga ah ee Dhibicda Cadaadiska Uumiga
Marka walax isbeddelaysa lagu milmo dareere si loo sameeyo xal, cadaadiska uumiga ee xalka badanaa wuu ka hooseeyaa cadaadiska uumiga ee dareeraha saafiga ah heerkulka isku midka ah. Dhacdadan waxaa loo yaqaan hoos u dhigista cadaadiska uumiga. Sababta ugu weyn ee habkan waa joogitaanka walxaha milmaya, kuwaas oo yareeya suurtagalnimada in molecules-ka milmaya ay u gudbaan marxaladda gaaska, sidaas darteedna hoos u dhigaan cadaadiska uumiga.
Hoos u dhacan cadaadiska uumiga waxaa lagu xisaabin karaa qaacidada:
\[ \Delta P = P^\qoraal{0} – P \]
Halkee:
– \( \Delta P \) waa hoos u dhaca cadaadiska uumiga.
– \( P^\text{0} \) waa cadaadiska uumiga ee dareeraha saafiga ah.
– \( P \) waa cadaadiska uumiga ee xalka.
Hoos u dhaca cadaadiska uumiga waxaa sidoo kale lagu muujin karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo isle'egta Raoult sida:
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{solute}} \cdot P^\text{0} \]
Halkee:
– \( x_{\text{solute}} \) waa qaybta mole ee milanka.
Tusaalooyinka soo socda, aan u qaadanno inaan haysanno dareere saafi ah iyo dareere kala duwan oo ku jira xaaladaha caadiga ah.
Su'aal Tusaale 1aad
Su'aal:
Ka soo qaad inaan haysanno xal ka kooban 10 garaam oo urea ah (NH2CONH2) oo lagu milmay 90 garaam oo biyo ah. Cadaadiska uumiga ee biyaha saafiga ah heerkul gaar ah waa 23.76 mmHg. Xisaabi cadaadiska uumiga ee xalka.
Dood:
Tallaabada 1aad: Xisaabi tirada burooyinka urea iyo biyaha.
– Cufka molar ee urea (NH\(_2\)CONH\(_2\)): 60 g/mol.
– Tirada burooyinka urea:
\[ \text{mol urea} = \frac{10\text{ g}}{60\text{ g/mol}} = 0.167 \text{ mol} \]
– Cufnaanta molar ee biyaha (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Tirada burooyinka biyaha:
\[ \text{moles of water} = \frac{90\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 5 \text{ mol} \]
Tallaabada 2: Xisaabi jajabka mole ee urea.
\[ x_{\text{urea}} = \frac{\text{mole urea}}{\text{mole urea} + \text{mole water}} = \frac{0.167}{0.167 + 5} = 0.0326 \]
Tallaabada 3: Xisaabi hoos u dhaca cadaadiska uumiga.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{urea}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{air}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.0326 \cdot 23.76 \qoraal{ mmHg} = 0.774 \qoraal{ mmHg} \]
Tallaabada 4: Xisaabi cadaadiska uumiga ee xalka.
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} – \Delta P \]
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = 23.76 \text{ mmHg} – 0.774 \text{ mmHg} = 22.986 \text{ mmHg} \]
Su'aal Tusaale 2aad
Su'aal:
Xalka waxaa lagu diyaariyaa iyadoo lagu milayo 58.5 g oo ah sodium chloride (NaCl) 200 g oo biyo ah. Xisaabi cadaadiska uumiga oo hoos u dhacaya 50°C halkaasoo cadaadiska uumiga ee biyaha saafiga ah uu yahay 92.5 mmHg.
Dood:
Tallaabada 1: Xisaabi tirada burooyinka NaCl iyo biyaha.
– Cufka molar ee NaCl: 58.5 g/mol.
– Tirada burooyinka NaCl:
\[ \text{mol NaCl} = \frac{58.5\text{ g}}{58.5\text{ g/mol}} = 1 \text{ mol} \]
– Cufnaanta molar ee biyaha (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Tirada burooyinka biyaha:
\[ \text{moles of water} = \frac{200\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 11.11 \text{ mol} \]
Tallaabada 2: Xusuusnow in ionization-ka dhammaystiran ee NaCl uu soo saaro 2 ion halkii cutub ee qaacidada (Na\(^+\) iyo Cl\(^-\)).
\[n_{\text{total}} = n_{\text{NaCl}} \cdot 2 = 1 \cdot 2 = 2 \text{ mol ions} \]
Tallaabada 3: Xisaabi jajabka mole ee milanka.
\[ x_{\text{NaCl}} = \frac{n_{\text{total}}}{n_{\text{total}} + n_{\text{air}}} = \frac{2}{2 + 11.11} = 0.152 \]
Tallaabada 4: Xisaabi hoos u dhaca cadaadiska uumiga.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{NaCl}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{air}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.152 \cdot 92.5 \qoraal{ mmHg} = 14.06 \qoraal{ mmHg} \]
Su'aal Tusaale 3aad
Su'aal:
Haddii 20 garaam oo gulukoos ah (C\(_6\)H\(_{12}\)O\(_6\)) lagu milmo 150 garaam oo biyo ah, cadaadiska uumiga ee biyaha saafiga ah ee 25°C uu yahay 23.8 mmHg, xisaabi cadaadiska uumiga ee xalka.
Dood:
Tallaabada 1aad: Xisaabi tirada burooyinka gulukooska iyo biyaha.
– Cufnaanta gulukooska ee molar: 180 g/mol.
– Tirada burooyinka gulukooska:
\[ \text{mol glucose} = \frac{20\text{ g}}{180\text{ g/mol}} = 0.111 \text{ mol} \]
– Cufnaanta molar ee biyaha (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Tirada burooyinka biyaha:
\[ \text{moles of water} = \frac{150\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 8.33 \text{ mol} \]
Tallaabada 2: Xisaabi jajabka mole ee gulukooska.
\[ x_{\text{glucose}} = \frac{\text{mol glucose}}{\text{mol glucose} + \text{mol water}} = \frac{0.111}{0.111 + 8.33} = 0.0132 \]
Tallaabada 3: Xisaabi hoos u dhaca cadaadiska uumiga.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{glucose}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.0132 \cdot 23.8 \qoraal{ mmHg} = 0.314 \qoraal{ mmHg} \]
Tallaabada 4: Xisaabi cadaadiska uumiga ee xalka.
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} – \Delta P \]
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = 23.8 \text{ mmHg} – 0.314 \text{ mmHg} = 23.486 \text{ mmHg} \]
Xiritaanka
Tusaalooyinka kor ku xusan, waxaan arki karnaa in hoos u dhigista cadaadiska uumiga ee xalka si fudud loo xisaabin karo haddii aan ognahay tirada burooyinka milanka iyo dareeraha, iyo sidoo kale cadaadiska uumiga ee dareeraha saafiga ah. Fikraddani waxay leedahay codsiyo badan oo muhiim ah, gaar ahaan warshadaha kiimikada iyo dawooyinka, halkaas oo xakamaynta sifooyinka xalka ay muhiim tahay. Faham wanaagsan oo fikraddan ah ayaa sidoo kale ka caawisa daraasado dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan sifooyinka thermodynamic ee xalalka.
