Su'aalo Tusaale ah oo Ka Hadlaya Badeecada Milaxda iyo Milaxda
Milmida iyo wax soo saarka milmida (Ksp) waa fikrado muhiim ah oo ku saabsan kiimikada oo la xiriira xalalka buuxa iyo milmida walaxda ku jirta xalka. Fahmidda mowduucan waxay naga caawin kartaa saadaalinta sida milixdu u milmi doonto xalka iyo sida arrimo kala duwan ay u saameeyaan milmidaas. Maqaalkani wuxuu ka hadli doonaa dhowr dhibaato oo tusaale ah iyo xalalkooda la xiriira milmida iyo Ksp.
Fikradaha Aasaasiga ah
Milmiliability (S) waa xaddiga ugu badan ee walax ee ku milmi karta dareere si ay u samayso xal buuxa heerkul la bixiyay. Badanaa, milmiliability waxaa lagu muujiyaa cutubyo molarity ah (mol/L).
Badeecada Milmilitiga (Ksp) waa isku dheelitirka joogtada ah ee kala-goynta elektrolaytyada kuwaas oo si yar ugu milma biyaha. Ksp waxay bixisaa macluumaad ku saabsan heerka milixdu ku milmi doonto biyaha waana natiijada ka soo baxda fiirsashada ayoonada ee ku jira xal buuxa, mid walbana kor loogu qaado awoodda isku-xidhka stoichiometric.
Tusaale ahaan, haddii aan haysanno AxBy milix ah oo u kala go'da ayoonnada iyadoo loo eegayo isle'egta:
\[ \text{AxBy (s)} \rightleftharpoons xA^{n+} (aq) + yB^{m-} (aq) \]
Sidaas darteed, Ksp waxaa loo qori karaa sidan:
\[ \text{Ksp} = [A^{n+}]^x [B^{m-}]^y \]
Su'aalo iyo Doodo Tusaale ah
Su'aal Tusaale 1aad
Su'aal:
Xisaabi milmida \(AgCl\) (Ksp = \(1.8 \times 10^{-10}\)) biyo saafi ah.
Dood:
Ksp \(AgCl\) = 1.8 x \(10^{-10}\) mol²/L²
Falcelinta kala-goynta:
\[AgCl(s) \rightleftharpoons Ag^+ (aq) + Cl^- (aq)\]
Ka soo qaad milmida \(AgCl\) waa S mol/L. Kadib, fiirsashada \(Ag^+\) iyo \(Cl^-\) ee ku jirta xal buuxa mid walba wuxuu la mid noqon doonaa S mol/L.
Isleegta Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ag^+][Cl^-]\]
Ku beddel qiimaha S:
\[1.8 \jeer 10^{-10} = S \jeer S\]
\[S^2 = 1.8 \jeer 10^{-10}\]
\[S = \sqrt{1.8 \jeer 10^{-10}} \]
\[S = 1.34 \jeer 10^{-5} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Markaa, milmida \(AgCl\) ee biyaha saafiga ah waa \(1.34 \jeer 10^{-5}\) mol/L.
Su'aal Tusaale 2aad
Su'aal:
Waa maxay milmida \(CaF_2\) (Ksp = \(3.9 \times 10^{-11}\)) biyaha saafiga ah?
Dood:
Falcelinta kala-goynta:
\[CaF_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} (aq) + 2F^- (aq)\]
Ka soo qaad milmida \(CaF_2\) waa S mol/L. Kadib, isku-darka \(Ca^{2+}\) ee xalka buuxa waa S mol/L isku-darka \(F^-\) waa 2S mol/L.
Isleegta Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2\]
Ku beddel qiimaha S:
\[3.9 \jeer 10^{-11} = S \jeer (2S)^2\]
\[3.9 \jeer 10^{-11} = S \jeer 4S^2\]
\[3.9 \jeer 10^{-11} = 4S^3\]
\[S^3 = \frac{3.9 \jeer 10^{-11}}{4}\]
\[S^3 = 9.75 \jeer 10^{-12}\]
\[S = \sqrt[3]{9.75 \jeer 10^{-12}}\]
\[S \qiyaastii 2.1 \jeer 10^{-4} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Markaa, milmida \(CaF_2\) ee biyaha saafiga ah waa \(2.1 \jeer 10^{-4}\) mol/L.
Su'aal Tusaale 3aad
Su'aal:
Waa maxay milmida \(PbCl_2\) (Ksp = \(1.7 \times 10^{-5}\)) ee xalka \(0.1\) M \(HCl\)?
Dood:
Falcelinta kala-goynta:
\[PbCl_2(s) \rightleftharpoons Pb^{2+} (aq) + 2Cl^- (aq)\]
Ka soo qaad milmida \(PbCl_2\) waa S mol/L. Kadib, isku-darka \(Pb^{2+}\) ee xalka buuxa waa S mol/L isku-darka dheeraadka ah ee \(Cl^-\) ee ka soo baxa kala-goynta \(PbCl_2\) waa 2S mol/L.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jira \(Cl^-\) oo ka yimid \(HCl\) kaas oo horey u jiray ilaa 0.1 M.
Isleegta Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Pb^{2+}][Cl^-]^2\]
Ku beddel qiimaha S iyo \(Cl^-\):
\[1.7 \jeer 10^{-5} = S \jeer (0.1 + 2S)^2\]
Maadaama 0.1 M \(Cl^-\) uu aad uga weyn yahay 2S, \(0.1 + 2S \qiyaastii 0.1\).
Markaa xisaabintu way fududaanaysaa:
\[1.7 \jeer 10^{-5} = S \jeer (0.1)^2\]
\[1.7 \jeer 10^{-5} = S \jeer 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.7 \jeer 10^{-5}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.7 \jeer 10^{-3} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Markaa, milmida \(PbCl_2\) ee \(0.1\) M \(HCl\) waa \(1.7 \jeer 10^{-3}\) mol/L.
Su'aal Tusaale 4aad
Su'aal:
Xisaabi milmida \(BaSO_4\) (Ksp = \(1.1 \times 10^{-10}\)) xal ka kooban \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\).
Dood:
Falcelinta kala-goynta:
\[BaSO_4 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ba^{2+} (aq) + SO_4^{2-} (aq)\]
Ka soo qaad milmida \(BaSO_4\) waa S mol/L. Markaas, isku-darka \(Ba^{2+}\) ee xalka buuxa waa S mol/L isku-darka \(SO_4^{2-}\) ee \(BaSO_4\) waa S mol/L. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) ee \(Na_2SO_4\).
Isleegta Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ba^{2+}][SO_4^{2-}]\]
Ku beddel qiimaha S iyo \(SO_4^{2-}\):
\[1.1 \jeer 10^{-10} = S \jeer (0.01 + S)\]
Maadaama \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) uu aad uga weyn yahay S, \(0.01 + S \qiyaastii 0.01\).
Markaa xisaabintu way fududaanaysaa:
\[1.1 \jeer 10^{-10} = S \jeer 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.1 \jeer 10^{-10}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.1 \jeer 10^{-8} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Sidaas darteed, milmida \(BaSO_4\) ee xalka ka kooban \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\) waa \(1.1 \times 10^{-8}\) mol/L.
Gabagabo
Iyada oo loo marayo dhibaatooyinka tusaalaha ah ee kor ku xusan, waxaan arki karnaa sida fikradaha milmida iyo badeecada milmida (Ksp) loogu dabaqo xaalado kala duwan. Fahamkan waa mid muhiim u ah falanqaynta kiimikada, gaar ahaan marka aan rabno inaan go'aamino milmida milix gaar ah xaalado kala duwan, sida dareeraha saafiga ah ama joogitaanka ion caadi ah. Awoodda lagu xallinayo dhibaatooyinkan waxay naga caawisaa codsiyo badan oo wax ku ool ah, oo ay ku jiraan daawooyinka, kiimikada deegaanka, iyo nadiifinta agabka.
Waa muhiim in la ogaado in milmida milixdu aysan ku xirnayn oo keliya qiimaha Ksp, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa saameyn kara isku-darka ion-yada kale ee ku jira xalka, heerkulka, iyo pH-ga deegaanka. Annagoo adeegsanayna mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee kiimikada iyo xisaabinta fudud, waxaan saadaalin karnaa oo xakamayn karnaa dhacdooyinka milmida nidaamyada kiimikada ee kala duwan.
