Tusaale Su'aal Dood ah oo ku saabsan Tamarta Bond
Pendahuluan
Tamarta isku xidhka waa fikrad muhiim ah oo ku jirta kiimikada taasoo naga caawisa inaan fahanno tamarta loo baahan yahay si loo jebiyo xiriirka ku jira molecule. Si fudud haddii loo dhigo, tamarta isku xidhka waa xaddiga tamarta loo baahan yahay si loo kala saaro laba atam oo isku xiran molecule una gala atomyo kala duwan. Maqaalkan, waxaan ku fahmi doonnaa fikradda tamarta isku xidhka iyada oo loo marayo dhowr dhibaato oo tusaale ah iyo dooddooda.
Fikradda Tamarta Bond
Tamarta isku xidhka waxaa lagu muujiyaa kilojoules halkii mole (kJ/mol), nooc kasta oo isku xidhka kiimikada ahna wuxuu leeyahay tamar isku xidh oo kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, tamarta isku xidhka ee hal isku xidhka C-H (kaarboon-haydrayt) way ka duwan tahay tamarta isku xidhka ee labanlaab ah ee isku xidhka C=O (kaarboon-oksaydh).
Isle'egta caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo in lagu xisaabiyo isbeddelka enthalpy ee falgalka (\(\Delta H\)) iyadoo la tixgelinayo tamarta isku xidhka waa:
\[
\Delta H = \Sigma D_{\text{reactants}} – \Sigma D_{\text{products}}
\]
Halka \(D_{\text{reactants}}\) iyo \(D_{\text{products}}\) ay yihiin tamarta isku xidhka ee ku lug leh falgalayaasha iyo alaabada. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, wadarta tamarta isku xidhka ee falgalayaasha laga jaray wadarta tamarta isku xidhka ee alaabada.
Su'aalo iyo Doodo Tusaale ah
Su'aal 1aad
Waxaa la ogyahay in celceliska tamarta xidhmada ee xidhmooyinka soo socda ay tahay:
– Xidhmada HH: 436 kJ/mol
– Xirmada O=O: 498 kJ/mol
– Xirmada H2O: 463 kJ/mol
Xisaabi isbeddelka enthalpy (\(\Delta H\)) si aad u hesho falcelinta soo socota:
\[
2H_2(g) + O_2(g) \heerka midig 2H_2O(g)
\]
Dood:
Tallaabada ugu horreysa waa in la qoro falgalka oo la tiriyo tirada curaarta ku jirta falgalayaasha iyo alaabada.
Wixii falgalayaasha:
– 2 molecules oo ah \(H_2\) waxay la macno tahay in ay jiraan 2 xidhmo oo HH ah
– 1 molecule oo ah \(O_2\) macnaheedu waa inuu jiro 1 xidhmo O=O
Badeecadaha:
– 2 molecules \(H_2O\) macnaheedu waa 4 xidhmo H2O ah
Tamarta isku xidhka ee falgalayaasha:
\[
2 \times \text{Tamarta Bond HH} + 1 \times \text{Tamarta Bond O=O}
\]
\[
= 2 jeer 436 + 1 jeer 498
\]
\[
= 872 + 498
\]
\[
= 1370 \qoraal{ kJ/mol}
\]
Tamarta dammaanadda guud ee badeecada:
\[
4 \times \text{HO connection energy}
\]
\[
= 4 jeer 463
\]
\[
= 1852 \qoraal{ kJ/mol}
\]
Isbeddelka Enthalpy (\(\Delta H\)):
\[
\Delta H = \Sigma D_{\text{reactants}} – \Sigma D_{\text{products}}
\]
\[
= 1370 \qoraal{kJ/mol} - 1852 \qoraal{kJ/mol}
\]
\[
= -482 \qoraal{ kJ/mol}
\]
Markaa, isbeddelka enthalpy ee falgalka waa \(-482\) kJ/mol.
Su'aal 2aad
Waxaa la aaminsan yahay in tamaraha xidhmada ee soo socda la yaqaan:
– Xidhmada CH: 414 kJ/mol
– C=C xidhmo: 612 kJ/mol
– Xidhmada HH: 436 kJ/mol
Xisaabi isbeddelka enthalpy (\(\Delta H\)) si aad u hesho falcelinta soo socota:
\[
C_2H_4(g) + H_2(g) \heerka saxda ah C_2H_6(g)
\]
Dood:
Tallaabada ugu horreysa waa in la qoro falgalka oo la tiriyo tirada curaarta ku jirta falgalayaasha iyo alaabada.
Wixii falgalayaasha:
– 1 molecule oo ah \(C_2H_4\) (ethylene) wuxuu leeyahay 4 xidhmo CH ah iyo 1 xidhmo C=C ah
– 1 molecule oo ah \(H_2\) wuxuu leeyahay 1 xidhmo HH ah
Badeecadaha:
– 1 molecule oo ah \(C_2H_6\) (ethane) wuxuu leeyahay 6 xidhmo CH ah iyo 1 xidhmo CC ah
Tamarta isku xidhka ee falgalayaasha:
\[
4 \times \text{Tamarta Bond CH} + 1 \times \text{Tamarta Bond C=C} + 1 \times \text{Tamarta Bond HH}
\]
\[
= 4 jeer 414 + 1 jeer 612 + 1 jeer 436
\]
\[
= 1656 + 612 + 436
\]
\[
= 2704 \qoraal{ kJ/mol}
\]
Tamarta dammaanadda guud ee badeecada:
\[
6 \times \text{CH bond energy} + 1 \times \text{CC bond energy}
\]
\[
= 6 jeer 414 + 1 jeer 348
\]
\[
= 2484 + 348
\]
\[
= 2832 \qoraal{ kJ/mol}
\]
Isbeddelka Enthalpy (\(\Delta H\)):
\[
\Delta H = \Sigma D_{\text{reactants}} – \Sigma D_{\text{products}}
\]
\[
= 2704 \qoraal{kJ/mol} - 2832 \qoraal{kJ/mol}
\]
\[
= -128 \qoraal{ kJ/mol}
\]
Markaa, isbeddelka enthalpy ee falgalka waa \(-128\) kJ/mol.
Gabagabo
Fikradda tamarta isku xidhka waa qayb aasaasi ah oo lagu barto falgallada kiimikada iyo isbeddellada enthalpy. Maqaalkan, waxaan ka wada hadalnay laba dhibaato oo tusaale ah oo muujinaya sida loo xisaabiyo isbeddellada enthalpy ee falgallada iyadoo la adeegsanayo tamarta isku xidhka. Fahamkan waa mid muhiim u ah codsiyada kiimikada ee kala duwan, laga bilaabo isku-darka dabiiciga ah ilaa horumarinta shidaalka. Faham qoto dheer ayaa lagu gaari karaa ku celcelin joogto ah iyo sahaminta noocyada kala duwan ee falgallada kiimikada.
Fadlan isticmaal farsamooyinka lagu sharraxay maqaalkan si aad u xalliso dhibaatooyinka tamarta dammaanadda mustaqbalka, oo tixgeli kheyraadka kale ee waxbarasho ee dheeraadka ah si aad u qoto dheereyso aqoontaada kiimikada tamarta dammaanadda.
