Su'aalo Tusaale ah oo Ka Hadlaya Sinnaanta Kiimikada
Isku dheelitirka kiimikada waa fikrad muhiim ah oo ku jirta kiimikada taasoo qeexaysa xaalad ay heerarka falcelinta hore iyo tan gadaal ee falgalka kiimikada ay siman yihiin. Xaaladdan oo kale, isku-darka fal-celinta iyo alaabada ayaa weli ah kuwo joogto ah. Maqaalkani wuxuu bixin doonaa dhowr tusaale oo dhibaatooyin ah iyo xalalkooda si loo caawiyo fahamka fikradda isku dheelitirka kiimikada.
Fikradaha Aasaasiga ah ee Sinnaanta Kiimikada
Isku dheelitirnaanta kiimikada waxay dhacdaa marka falgalka kiimikada uu si rogan ama labada jiho u socon karo. Falcelinta la rogi karo waxaa lagu calaamadayn karaa sidan soo socota:
\[ \qoraal{aA} + \qoraal{bB} \rightleftharpoons \qoraal{cC} + \qoraal{dD} \]
Halkee:
- A iyo B waa falgalayaal,
– C iyo D waa badeecooyin,
– a, b, c, iyo d waa isku-xidhka stoichiometric ee walax kasta.
Marka la gaaro dheelitirka, heerka falcelinta hore (soo saarista alaabada) wuxuu la mid yahay heerka falcelinta dib-u-celinta (soo saarista falgalayaasha). Waqtigan xaadirka ah, inkastoo falcelintu ay si firfircoon u socoto, haddana isku-darka dhammaan walxaha isma beddelin.
Joogtada ah ee Isle'egta (K)
Joogtada dheelitirka \(K_c\) ee falgalka kore waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sidan:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[\text{C}]^c [\text{D}]^d}}{{[\text{A}]^a [\text{B}]^b}} \]
Halka [X] uu yahay fiirsashada molar ee walaxda X. Marka la isticmaalayo cadaadis qayb ah oo ku jira dheelitirka gaaska, joogtada dheelitirka waxaa lagu muujiyaa sida \(K_p\).
Su'aalaha Tusaalaha ah ee Sinnaanta Kiimikada
Su'aal 1aad: Falcelinta Xogta Xoojinta
Tirada 1 mole oo N₂ ah iyo 3 mole oo H₂ ah ayaa la dhigayaa weel 1 litir ah heerkul gaar ah. Falcelintu waxay u socotaa sidan soo socota:
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]
Ka dib marka la gaaro dheelitirka, waxaa la helaa 0,8 mol oo N₂ ah. Xisaabi joogtada dheelitirka \(K_c\).
Dood:
1. Go'aami isbeddelka ku yimaada xoogga:
Marka hore, tirada burooyinka waa:
– \([\text{N}_2]_{bilow} = 1 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{H}_2]_{bilow} = 3 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3]_{bilowga} = 0 \, \text{mol/L}\]
Isu dheelitirka, tirada burooyinka:
- \ ([\text {N}_2] = 0,8 \, \ text {mol/L} \]
Isbeddelka N₂ = 1 – 0,8 = 0,2 mol/L
2. Isbeddellada ku yimaada heerka isbeddelka:
\[
\qoraal{N}_2(g) + 3\qoraal{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\qoraal{NH}_3(g)
\]
Markaa, isbeddellada H₂ iyo NH₃:
– \([\text{H}_2] = 3 \cdot 0,2 = 0,6 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 2 \cdot 0,2 = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
Is-dheellitirka mooska:
– \([\text{H}_2] = 3 – 0,6 = 2,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 0 + 0,4 = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
3. Xisaabi \(K_c\):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NH}_3]^2}{[\text{N}_2][\text{H}_2]^3}
\]
Ku beddel qiimayaasha:
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
- \ ([\text {N}_2] = 0,8 \, \ text {mol/L} \]
– \([\text{H}_2] = 2,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
\[
K_c = \frac{(0,4)^2}{(0,8)(2,4)^3}
\]
\[
= \frac{0,16}{0,8 \cdot 13,824}
\]
\[
= \frac{0,16}{11,0592}
\ qiyaastii 0,0145
\]
Su'aal 2aad: Saamaynta Isbeddellada ku yimaada Xoog-saarista
Tirada N₂O₄(g) waxay u kala baxdaa 2NO₂(g) weel xiran. Heerkul gaar ah, joogtada dheelitirka \(K_c\) waa 0,36. Haddii isku-darka bilowga ah ee N₂O₄(g) uu yahay 1,0 M oo uusan jirin NO₂(g) bilowga, xisaabi isku-darka NO₂(g) marka la isku-dheellitirayo.
Dood:
1. Isticmaalka Jadwalka ICE:
\[
\begin{hagaajin}
\text{Falcelin:} & \ \ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NO}_2(g) \\
\text{Bilow:} & \ \ [\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]_{0} = 1.0 \, \text{M}, \ [\text{NO}_2]_{0} = 0 \\
\text{Wax ka beddel:} & \ \ [\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]_{eq} = 1.0 – x, \ [\text{NO}_2]_{eq} = 2x \\
\end{align}
\]
2. Ku xidhnaanshaha \(K_c\):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NO}_2]^2}{[\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]}
= \frac{(2x)^2}{1.0 – x}
= \frac{4x^2}{1 – x}
\]
3. Go'aami x:
\[
K_c = 0,36
\]
Haddaba, badalka:
\[
0,36 = \frac{4x^2}{1 – x}
\]
Isku dhufasho iskutallaab ah:
\[
0,36(1 – x) = 4x^2
\]
\[
0,36 – 0,36x = 4x^2
\]
Dhammaan u dhaqaaq hal dhinac:
\[
4x^2 + 0,36x – 0,36 = 0
\]
4. Xalinta Isleegyada Labajibbaaran:
Isticmaal qaacidada labajibbaaran:
\[
x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}
\]
Halka a = 4, b = 0,36 iyo c = -0,36:
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{(0,36)^2 – 4(4)(-0,36)}}{2(4)}
\]
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{0,1296 + 5,76}}{8}
\]
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{5,8896}}{8}
\]
Maadaama diiraddu aanay noqon karin mid taban, waxaan dooranaynaa xididka togan:
\[
x \qiyaastii 0,36
\]
5. Tirada NO₂:
\[
[\text{NO}_2]_{eq} = 2x = 2 \cdot 0,36 = 0,72 \, \text{M}
\]
Gabagabo
Fahmidda dheelitirka kiimikada ayaa fure u ah saadaalinta sida nidaamka kiimikada uu uga falceliyo xaalado gaar ah. Iyadoo la adeegsanayo ku celcelin iyo faham dhammaystiran, waxaan xallin karnaa dhibaatooyinka ku lug leh fikraddan, waxaan sharxi karnaa xaaladda ugu dambeysa ee nidaamka, waxaanan fahmi karnaa dhaqdhaqaaqa falgallada kiimikada ee nidaamka xiran. Aqoonsiga iyo isticmaalka joogtada dheelitirka (K_c) waxay sahlaysaa in la saadaaliyo isku-ururinta dhammaan noocyada nidaamka marka la isku dheelitirayo.
