Dzidziso yeMaumbirwo eNzvimbo dzeMaguta
Maumbirwo enzvimbo dzemumaguta anoreva nzira iyo nzvimbo dziri muguta dzinorongwa uye dzinogoverwa. Maumbirwo aya anosanganisira zvese kubva pakugoverwa kwenzvimbo uye kushandiswa kwenyika kusvika kune network dzekutakura. Kunzwisisa maumbirwo enzvimbo dzemumaguta kwakakosha kune vanoronga, vanogadzira mapurani, nevanogadzira marongero kuti vagadzire nzvimbo dzemumaguta dzinoshanda, dzinogara kwenguva refu, uye dzinogarika. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotsanangura maumbirwo enzvimbo dzemumaguta.
Pendauluan
Munhoroondo yese, dzidziso dzakawanda dzakataurwa kuti dzitsanangure mamiriro enzvimbo yemaguta. Dzidziso idzi dzinotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zveguta zvinodyidzana sei uye kuti zvinoshanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva. Kunzwisisa dzidziso idzi kwakakosha pakuronga maguta zviri nani uye kugadzirwa kwemitemo yemaguta inoshanda zvakanyanya.
Dzidziso Yakasimba
Imwe yedzidziso dzekare dzekare yaive dzidziso yaE.W. Burgess, yakagadzirwa muna 1925. Dzidziso iyi inotsanangura guta senhevedzano yemhete dzakakomberedza pakati peguta, iro rinowanzova dunhu guru rebhizinesi. Sekureva kwaBurgess, kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzakasiyana:
1. Central Zone (CBD): Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo huru yeguta, uko mabasa ebhizinesi nekutengeserana anonyanya kuzara.
2. Nzvimbo Yekuchinja: Nzvimbo iyi inowanzozara nemafekitori, matura, uye dzimba dzevarombo. Inzvimbo iyo shanduko nebudiriro zvinoitika nekukurumidza.
3. Nzvimbo Yekugara Yevashandi: Nzvimbo iyi inokwana vashandi vane dzimba dzemhando yepamusoro.
4. Nzvimbo Yekugara Yevagari Vepakati Nepakati: Nzvimbo iyi ine dzimba dziri nani uye inogarwa nevanhu vepakati nepakati.
5. Nzvimbo Yekufamba Nevanhu: Iyi inzvimbo iri pakati peguta ine dzimba dzeumbozha uye dzimwe nguva ine misha midiki yakakomberedza guta.
Chinhu chakanaka chemuenzaniso uyu ndechekuti unokwanisa kuratidza maitiro ekugara kwevanhu zvichibva pamagariro evanhu nehupfumi, asi muenzaniso uyu hauna basa zvakanyanya kumaguta emazuva ano anowanzoratidza budiriro yakaoma.
Dzidziso yeSector
Muna 1939, Homer Hoyt akagadzira dzidziso yechikamu ichi senzira yekuchinja modhi ye concentric. Hoyt akataura kuti maguta anokura muzvikamu zvinobva pakati peguta munzira huru dzekufambisa. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinowanzova nemhando chaiyo yekushandiswa kwenyika, senge nzvimbo dzehurumende, dzemaindasitiri, nenzvimbo dzekugara.
Chinhu chakanaka chedzidziso iyi ndechekuti inokwanisa kutsanangura kukura kwemaguta munzira dzekutakura. Zvisinei, dzidziso yechikamu ichi inewo miganhu, sezvo asiri maguta ese anokura zvichienderana nenzira dziripo dzekutakura.
Dzidziso yeNyukireya Dzakawanda
Yakagadzirwa naChauncy Harris naEdward Ullman muna 1945, dzidziso ye "multiple core theory" inoti maguta ane "cores" dzakasiyana dzinoshanda senzvimbo dzezviitiko zvakananga. Semuenzaniso, panogona kunge paine musimboti wemaindasitiri, musimboti wezvekutengeserana, uye musimboti wekugara. Dzidziso iyi inonyatsoitika kana ikashandiswa kumaguta makuru, akaomarara, uko mabasa ehupfumi nemagariro evanhu asina kuunganidzwa panzvimbo imwe chete.
Dzidziso iyi inochinjikawo pakutsanangura kukura kwemaguta emazuva ano, ayo anowanzova nenzvimbo dzakawanda dzezvehupfumi nedzemagariro evanhu dzakapararira munharaunda yese.
Dzidziso yeGravitational Availability
Dzidziso yekuwanikwa kwesimba remagiravhiti inoedza kutsanangura kudyidzana kuripo pakati pemaguta zvichienderana nedaro nehuwandu hwevanhu. Dzidziso iyi inoti kana guta rakakura uye riri pedyo, simba raro remagiravhiti rinokura pamaguta akapoteredza. Izvi zvinobatsira kutsanangura kukura kwekukura kwemaguta nekugara mumaguta, sezvo vagari nemabhizinesi vachikwezvwa kunzvimbo dziri pedyo nemaguta makuru asi vachipa mari shoma yekurarama uye hupenyu hwakasiyana.
Kuitwa Kwemazuva Ano Nematambudziko
Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso idzi dzichipa mienzaniso inokosha yekunzwisisa mamiriro enzvimbo yemaguta, dzinowanzo fanirwa kugadziriswa kuti dzienderane nemamiriro enzvimbo uye budiriro yetekinoroji. Semuenzaniso, kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yeruzivo nekutaurirana kwakachinja mashandiro evanhu nekudyidzana, zvichigonesa kushanda vari kure uye kutsanangura patsva nzvimbo dzemabhizinesi.
Kufambiswa kwevanhu zvakanaka ikozvino chinhu chakakosha pakuronga maguta, uye maguta mazhinji ari kutarisa pakugadzira masisitimu ekufambisa akabatanidzwa kuderedza kuzara kwevanhu uye kuburitswa kwemhepo inokabhoni. Kuchinjika mukuronga uye kugara kwenguva refu kuri kuramba kuchikosha, sezvo maguta achifanira kuyera zvinodiwa zvehupfumi, zvemagariro evanhu, uye zvezvakatipoteredza.
Mamwe matambudziko aripo mazuva ano anosanganisira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, iyo inokanganisa kuronga maguta kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwenjodzi dzechisikigo dzakadai semafashamo nemafungu ekupisa. Izvi zviri kukurudzira varongi vemaguta kuti vafunge nezvezvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu mukugadzira maguta.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa dzidziso dzemaumbirwo enzvimbo dzemaguta idanho rakakosha mukugadzira maguta anoshanda zvakanaka, anogara kwenguva refu, uye akasununguka. Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yega yega iine simba rayo nekushaya simba, dzinopa hurongwa hunobatsira varongi vemaguta nevagadziri vemitemo kunzwisisa nekugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana ari kusangana nemaguta emazuva ano. Nekuramba tichishandisa nekugadzirisa dzidziso idzi, tinogona kutarisira kuvaka maguta ari nani mune ramangwana.
