Musoro: Kunzwisisa Dzidziso yaLamarck yeKushanduka-shanduka: Ongororo Yakadzama
Pendauluan
Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka ndeimwe yepfungwa dzinokosha zvikuru mubhayoloji, inotsanangura shanduko muzvinhu zvipenyu nekufamba kwenguva. Kunyange zvazvo Charles Darwin achiwanzoonekwa se "baba vekushanduka-shanduka," makore anopfuura makumi mashanu Darwin asati aburitsa basa rake, musayendisiti wekuFrance anonzi Jean-Baptiste Lamarck akanga ataura nezvedzidziso yake yekushanduka-shanduka. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora zvakadzama dzidziso yaLamarck yekushanduka-shanduka, mipiro yake kusainzi, uye nei, kunyangwe pakupedzisira yakatsiviwa nedzidziso yaDarwin yekushanduka-shanduka, pfungwa dzake dzichiri kukodzera kudzidzwa.
Nhoroondo Pfupi yaJean-Baptiste Lamarck
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck, akaberekwa musi wa1 Nyamavhuvhu, 1744, muBazentin, France. Akatanga basa rake muchiuto kusvika hutano hwake hwamumanikidza kurisiya. Lamarck akabva atendeukira kusainzi yechisikigo ndokuva munhu akakosha paFrench Museum of Natural History. Munguva yehupenyu hwake, Lamarck akanyora mabhuku akakosha akati wandei uye akapa mipiro inokosha muminda yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira botany, taxonomy, uye paleontology.
Hwaro hweDzidziso yaLamarck yeKushanduka-shanduka
Dzidziso yaLamarck yekushanduka-shanduka, inowanzonzi "transformism" kana "Lamarckism", yakatanga kutaurwa mubhuku rake rinonzi "Philosophie Zoologique" muna 1809. Lamarck akaisa misimboti miviri mikuru mudzidziso yake:
1. Mutemo weKushandiswa uye Kusashandiswa: Lamarck aidavira kuti nhengo kana hunhu hunoshandiswa nemunhu huchakura uye huchasimba, nepo nhengo kana hunhu husingawanzo shandiswa huchaderera uye hunogona kunyangarika.
2. Kugara nhaka yehunhu hwakawanikwa: Lamarck akataura kuti hunhu hunowanikwa nemunhu muhupenyu hwake hwaizopfuudzwa kuvana vake. Semuenzaniso, akataura kuti twiza dzine mitsipa mirefu nekuti madzitateguru avo aigara achitambanudza mitsipa yavo kuti isvike pamashizha pamiti mirefu.
Muenzaniso unoshandiswa kutsanangura hunhu hweLamarckism ndiko kukura kwemitsipa mirefu mutwiza. Sekureva kwaLamarck, sezvo twiza dzairamba dzichiedza kusvika pamashizha marefu, mitsipa yadzo yaireba zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvizvarwa zvakati wandei.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Kukurukurirana
Kunyange zvazvo Lamarck aive piyona mukukurudzira pfungwa yekuti mhando dzemhuka dzinogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva, dzidziso yake yakatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kukuru, kunyanya maererano nekugara nhaka kwehunhu hwakawanikwa. Nekuuya kwemajini emazuva ano, pfungwa yekuti hunhu hwakawanikwa hunogona kugarwa nhaka haina kubvumidzwa. Maitiro aLamarck ekugara nhaka haana kubva pahumbowo hwemajini hwatinoziva iye zvino kuti ndihwo hwaitungamira kushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu.
Uyezve, dzidziso yekushandiswa uye kusashandiswa yakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekutadza kutsanangura zviitiko zvakaoma zvekushanduka-shanduka. Semuenzaniso, haisi nhengo dzese dzisina kushandiswa dzinonyangarika nezvizvarwa, uye haisi nhengo dzese dzakashandiswa dzinova dzakasimba kana kuti dzine simba.
Basa redzidziso yaLamarck muNhoroondo yeBiology
Kunyangwe dzidziso dzake dzakawanda dzakazoramba, Lamarck achiri kuonekwa semupi wepfungwa huru munyaya dzekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Ushingi hwake pakutaura kuti mhando dzemhuka dzinogona kuchinja hwakachinja zvikuru munguva yake. Lamarck asati avapo, maonero aizivikanwa aive ekuti mhando dzemhuka dzaive dzakagara dziripo uye hadzina kuchinja kubva pakusikwa kwadzo.
Dzidziso yaLamarck yakakurudzirawo vamwe masayendisiti kuti vafunge nezvenzira dzekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, zvichizopedzisira zvaita kuti pave nedzidziso yaCharles Darwin yekusarudza zvakasikwa. Darwin, kunyange zvazvo asingabvumirani netsika yenhaka yaLamarck, akabvuma kukosha kwaLamarck pakutanga gakava pamusoro pekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu.
Simba Rakasara reLamarckism
Zvinofadza kuti pfungwa yaLamarck yekuti "kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza" pahunhu yakafanana nedzimwe ongororo dzemazuva ano mubiology, kunyanya epigenetics. Kunyangwe zvakasiyana neyaLamarck, epigenetics inoratidza kuti nharaunda inogona kukanganisa mataurirwo emajini pasina kuchinja kurongeka kweDNA, uye dzimwe shanduko idzi dzinogona kugarwa nhaka. Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakaoma zvikuru kupfuura dzidziso yaLamarck yekuti nhaka yakananga inogarwa nhaka.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yaLamarck yekushanduka-shanduka, pasinei nezvikanganiso zvayo, yakabatsira zvikuru munhoroondo yesainzi. Lamarck aive munhu anofunga zvine ushingi uyo akasundira miganhu yeruzivo rwenguva yake. Kunyangwe akatadza kutsanangura nemazvo mashandiro ekushanduka-shanduka, akagadzirira vamwe nzira yekuongorora mibvunzo nezvekwakabva nekukura kwehupenyu panyika.
Kudzidza kubva munhoroondo yesainzi, senge dzidziso yaLamarck yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, kunotipa kunzwisisa kuri nani kwekuti ruzivo runokura sei uye kuti kunyange zvikanganiso zvesainzi zvinogona sei kugadzirira nzira yekuwana zvinhu zvitsva uye zvakarurama. ChiLamarckism chinotidzidzisa kuti kuva vakavhurika kune pfungwa itsva, kunyangwe dzisiri dzese dzakarurama, idanho rakakosha mukutsvaga chokwadi chesainzi.
