Mashandiro anoita maRouters neSwitch
Muma network emakombiyuta emazuva ano, ma router nema switch ndiwo maviri emidziyo yakajairika, inowanikwa mudzimba, mumahofisi, muzvikoro, uye kunyange munzvimbo huru dzedata. Kunyange zvazvo ese ari maviri achibatanidza zvishandiso kuti akwanise kutaurirana, anoshanda zvakasiyana uye ane mabasa akasiyana. Kunzwisisa misimboti yekushanda kwema router nema switch kwakakosha pakugadzira network dzinoshanda zvakanaka, dzakachengeteka, uye dzakagadzikana. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa huru, mashandiro adzo, kusiyana kwadzo, uye mashandisirwo adzo muma network.
Tsanangudzo uye Basa reSwitch
Switch mudziyo wenetwork unoshanda zvakanyanya paLayer 2 (Data Link) yeOSI model, kunyange hazvo mamwe maswitch achigona kushanda kusvika kuLayer 3 (multilayer switches). Basa guru reswitch nderekubatanidza zvishandiso zvakawanda pane local area network (LAN), zvakaita semakombiyuta, maprinta, ma access points, kana maseva, kuitira kuti zvishandiso izvi zvese zvigone kuchinjana data.
Maswichi akasiyana nemahub (zvishandiso zvekare) nekuti haatumire data kumaport ese. Pane kudaro, anotumira data chete kunzvimbo chaiyo yekuenda, zvichiita kuti network ikurumidze uye ideredze kugongana kwedata.
Nheyo yekushanda kweSwitch: Kero yeMAC uye Kuchinja
Nheyo huru yeswitch ndeyekushandisa kero yeMAC (Media Access Control), inova kero chaiyo inopihwa kadhi rega rega renetwork (NIC). Kuti itumire maframe edata kumudziyo wakakodzera, switch iyi inovaka tafura inonzi MAC Address Table (inowanzonziwo tafura yeCAM).
Heino nzira yekushanda kweswitch yakajairika:
1. Kudzidza (Maitiro Ekudzidza)
Kana mudziyo ukatumira furemu kuswitch, switch inoverenga kero yeMAC yefuremu. Switch inozonyora kero iyoyo yeMAC pane imwe port. Semuenzaniso, kana MAC yemudziyo A ikaonekwa pa port 3, switch inochengeta ruzivo "MAC A → port 3."
2. Kutumira zvinhu kunze kwenyika
Kana switch ikagamuchira furemu ine MAC yekuenda, inotarisa iyo MAC patafura yayo.
– Kana yawanikwa, switch inotumira furemu chete kuchiteshi chakakodzera.
– Kana pasina chawanikwa, switch inozadza paketi (inotumira kumaport ese kunze kwesource port) kuti mudziyo wekuenda upindure. Kana mhinduro yangogamuchirwa, switch inodzidza kero yeMAC.
3. Kusefa
Kana switch ikagamuchira furemu uye zvikaonekwa kuti destination port yakafanana ne source port (semuenzaniso, device destination device iri pa furemu imwe chete), switch inogona kuramba kutumira furemu sezvisina basa.
Nekushandisa nzira iyi, switch iyi inobvumira kutaurirana paLAN kuti kushande zvakanaka uye kuderedza traffic isina kufanira.
Nzvimbo yeKusangana, Nzvimbo yeKutangisa, uye VLAN paSwitch
Maswichi anoitawo basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa ma domain ekukonana. Pa switch, port yega yega inzvimbo yekukonana yakasiyana, saka kukonana kwedata hakuwanzoitiki pane muma network akavakirwa pa hub.
Zvisinei, kune madomain ekutepfenyura (nzvimbo dzichagamuchira kutepfenyura kwakadai seARP), maswichi achiri mudomain imwechete yekutepfenyura—kunze kwekunge akakamurwa achishandisa maVLAN (Virtual LANs).
NemaVLAN, switch inogona "kupatsanura" mudziyo mumwe chete kuita network dzakawanda dze logical. Semuenzaniso, VLAN 10 yevashandi uye VLAN 20 yevashanyi. Midziyo iri pamaVLAN akasiyana haigone kupararira zvakananga kune mumwe nemumwe, saka:
- kuchengetedzeka kwakawedzerwa,
- kushanda kuri nani,
- manejimendi yenetiweki yakarongeka.
Kuti ubatanidze maVLAN akasiyana, mudziyo weLayer 3 wakadai serouter kana switch yeLayer 3 unodiwa.
Tsanangudzo uye Basa reRouter
Router mudziyo we networking unoshanda pa Layer 3 (Network). Basa rayo guru nderekubatanidza network dzakasiyana, semuenzaniso, kubatanidza LAN yehofisi neinternet, kana kubatanidza ma subnet akawanda mukati mekambani.
Kana maswichi akatarisa pakutumira data zvichibva paMAC Addresses pane network imwe chete, marouter anotarisa pakutumira data zvichibva paIP Addresses pakati penetwork.
Pamusoro pekushandisa nzira dzekufambisa data, ma router emazuva ano anowanzo kuve nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita se:
– NAT (Kushandurwa kweKero yeNetwork),
- firewall,
- Sevha yeDHCP,
- VPN,
– QoS (Hunhu hweBasa),
- kuyera mutoro kana kukanganisa network chaiyo.
Nheyo yeKushanda kweRouter: Kusarudza Tafura Yenzira uye Nzira
Nheyo yerouter ndeyekusarudza kwekutumira data packet zvichienderana nekero yeIP yekuenda. Kuti iite sarudzo iyi, router inoshandisa tafura yekuendesa, runyorwa rwenzira dzine ruzivo nezve network yekuenda uye "nzira" yakanakisa yekuisvika.
Muchidimbu, mashandiro erouter:
1. Gamuchira pasuru
Router inogamuchira mapaketi kubva kune interface (semuenzaniso kubva kuLAN).
2. Verenga IP yekwaunoenda
Router inoongorora IP header uye inotarisa kero yeIP yekuenda.
3. Tsvaga chinoenzana patafura yekuendesa zvinhu
Router inotsvaga chinhu chakakodzera kupinda (kazhinji ichishandisa mutemo we "longest prefix match principle"). Semuenzaniso, nzira yekuenda ku192.168.10.0/24 inenge yakananga kupfuura 192.168.0.0/16.
4. Sarudza iyo inotevera-hop uye inobuda interface
Kana nzira yawanikwa, router inosarudza kuti packet inofanira kutumirwa kupi: kune router iri pedyo (next-hop) kana zvakananga kune network yakabatana.
5. Kutumira mapakeji
Router inotumira mapaketi anobuda kuburikidza neinterface yakakodzera.
Kana router ikasawana nzira, packet ichadonhedzwa, kunze kwekunge paine nzira yagara iripo, semuenzaniso 0.0.0.0/0 kuenda kugedhi reinternet.
Nzira Yakasimba uye Inochinja-chinja
Ma routers anogona kuwana ruzivo rwenzira nenzira mbiri:
1. Kuronga nzira kwakasimba
Vatungamiriri vanopinda nenzira nemaoko. Izvi zvakakodzera kune network diki kana idzo dzisingawanzo chinja nzira. Dambudziko nderekuti kana paine shanduko ye topology, maneja anofanira kugadzirisa nzira imwe neimwe.
2. Kufambisa nzira nenzira inochinja-chinja
Ma router anochinjana ruzivo rwenzira achishandisa ma routing protocols akadai seRIP, OSPF, EIGRP, kana BGP. Akakodzera network dzepakati nepakati kusvika kune hombe nekuti anonyatsochinjika. Kana nzira ikatyoka, router inogona kuwana imwe nzira.
NAT uye Basa reMa routers kuInternet
Imwe yemabasa erouter anowanikwa mudzimba kana mumahofisi madiki iNAT (Network Address Translation). NAT inobvumira michina yakawanda iri panetwork yemuno kushandisa kero imwe chete yeIP yeruzhinji kuti ipinde painternet.
Mashandiro azvinoita:
- Midziyo yemukati inoshandisa ma IP epachivande (semuenzaniso 192.168.1.x).
- Router inoshandura kubatana kuita IP yeruzhinji kana ichienda kuinternet.
– Router inochengetedza tafura yekushandura kuitira kuti mhinduro kubva paindaneti dzidzoserwe kumudziyo wakakodzera.
NAT inobatsira kuchengetedza IPv4 yeruzhinji uye inowedzera chengetedzo huru nekuti zvishandiso zvekunze hazvigone kupinda zvakananga mumidziyo yemukati pasina mitemo yakakosha (semuenzaniso kutumirwa kwechiteshi).
Kusiyana Kwakakosha Pakati PemaRouters NeSwitch
Muchidimbu, misiyano mikuru inogona kupfupikiswa seinotevera:
- Chinja: inobatanidza zvishandiso muLAN imwe chete, inoshanda neMAC Address, inotarisa pakushanda zvakanaka kwekutaurirana kwemuno.
– Router: inobatanidza network dzakasiyana, inoshanda nema IP address, inosarudza nzira dzepaketi pakati penetworks neinternet.
Mukuita, zviviri izvi zvinowanzoshandiswa pamwe chete: maswichi anovaka maLAN emukati, marouter anobatanidza maLAN iwayo kune mamwe ma network (semuenzaniso internet kana bazi).
Mienzaniso yeKushandiswa muMambure Echokwadi
Muhofisi diki:
- Maswichi anobatanidza maPC evashandi, maprinta enetwork, uye ma access points.
- Router inova nzira yekupinda muinternet, ichipa NAT, DHCP, uye firewall.
Mumakambani makuru:
- Maswichi akawanda ekushandisa pamidziyo yemushandisi.
- Kugovera kana kushandura kwepakati kubatanidza zvikamu zvakawanda.
– Isa router yeLayer 3 kana chinja kuti ushandise nzira pakati peVLANs uye kubatanidza kuWAN/ISP.
Mhedziso
Ma router nema switch ndiwo hwaro hwe network dzemakombiyuta. Ma switch anoshanda zvakanyanya pa Layer 2, achitumira mafuremu zvichibva pa MAC addresses, achivaka MAC tables, uye achideredza traffic isina kufanira paLAN. Panguva iyi, ma routers anoshanda pa Layer 3, achitumira mapaketi zvichibva pa IP addresses, achishandisa routing tables kusarudza nzira yakanakisisa pakati pe networks, uye achibata mabasa akakosha seNAT nekubatanidza ne internet. Nekunzwisisa mashandiro anoita ese ari maviri, tinogona kugadzira network dzinokurumidza, dzakarongwa, uye dzakachengeteka kuti dzisangane nezvatinoda.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera dhayagiramu yekushanda, muenzaniso uri nyore wekugadzirisa (semuenzaniso VLAN + inter-VLAN routing), kana shanduro yehunyanzvi yechinyorwa chakanangana nemudziyo wenyu chaiwo (Cisco/MikroTik).
