Midziyo Yekuongorora Network
Munyika yeruzivo rwetekinoroji, manetwork emakomputa ndiwo musimboti wekutaurirana kwedata—kubva painternet muhofisi, kubatana pakati pemaseva munzvimbo dzedata, kusvika kune manetwork asina waya kumba. Kana network ikatadza kushanda zvakanaka, kukanganisa kunogona kusvika kure: kunonoka kwebasa, kudzimwa kweapplication, kukanganiswa kwekupinda mumasystem akakosha, uye kunyange kurasikirwa nebhizinesi. Naizvozvo, kuyedzwa kwenetwork idanho rakakosha rekuona network yakagadzikana, yakachengeteka, uye inoshanda. Kuyedzwa kwakanaka hakusi kwekungo "pinging," asiwo kuyera mashandiro, mhando, kugadzikana, uye hutano hwemuviri hwe transmission medium. Kuti zvese izvi zviitike, michina yekuyedza network yakakodzera inodiwa.
Sei Midziyo Yekuongorora Network Ichidiwa?
Kudzima kwenetwork kunogona kubva kwakasiyana-siyana: tambo dzakakuvara, maconnector asina kugadzikana, Wi-Fi interference, marongero emidziyo asina kunaka, maburi asina kujeka, kugona kwekubatanidza kusina kukwana, uye kunyange kurwiswa kana kubuda kwemidziyo. Pasina maturusi akakodzera, mainjiniya anowanzo fungidzira chikonzero. Midziyo yekuyedza inobatsira pakuongorora data: kuwana nzvimbo dzine dambudziko, kukurumidzisa kugadzirisa, uye kudzivirira kudzoka kwaro. Kunze kwekugadzirisa matambudziko, michina yekuyedza inokoshawo pakuiswa kwekutanga, kuongororwa kwenetwork, kutamiswa kwemidziyo, zvitupa zvetambo, uye kuongororwa kwekutevedzera mitemo.
Zvikamu zveMidziyo yeKuedza Network
Kazhinji, michina yekuyedza network inogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: michina yekuyedza chaiyo (tambo nezvinobatanidza), michina yekuyera mashandiro enetwork, michina yekuongorora mapaketi, michina yekuyedza Wi-Fi, uye michina inotsigira senge majenareta etoni uye michina yekutarisa. Heino tsananguro.
1) Muedzi wetambo weLAN
Chishandiso chekuedza tambo cheLAN chishandiso chakakosha asi chakakosha. Chinoshandiswa kutarisa kuenderera mberi kwetambo dzeUTP/STP (RJ45) kana dzefoni (RJ11) uye kuona kuti mepu yetambo inoenderana nezvinodiwa neT568A kana T568B. Nechishandiso chekuedza tambo, mainjiniya vanogona kuona mapeya akavhurika, mapfupi, asina waya, akadzokera shure, kana akapatsanurwa, izvo zvinowanzo kukonzera matambudziko ekumhanya uye zvikanganiso kunyangwe kubatana kuchiratidzika se "kwakabatana."
Vayedzi vetambo vanosiyana kubva pane zviri nyore (zviratidzo zve LED chete) kusvika kune zvakanyanyisa, zvinokwanisa kuyera kureba kwetambo zvichibva pakuratidzira kwechiratidzo (TDR iri nyore) uye kuona mhando ye crimping. Kune mahofisi kana kuiswa kwenetwork diki, kuyedza tambo yekutanga kunowanzo kukwana. Zvisinei, kune nzvimbo dzinoda mhando yepamusoro, chishandiso chinotsigira kuyedza kwakadzama chinobatsira.
2) Cable Certifier (Cable Certification)
Kusiyana netambo inoyedza nguva dzose, tambo inosimbisa inoshandiswa kuona kuti kuiswa kwetambo kunosangana nezvinodiwa, zvakaita seCat5e, Cat6, kana Cat6A. Chishandiso ichi chinoedza maparameter akakosha akadai seattenuation (loss), NEXT (Near-End Crosstalk), FEXT, return loss, delay skew, nezvimwe zvinokanganisa kugona kwetambo kutakura data nekumhanya kwakanyanya. Mhedzisiro yacho inowanzova mushumo wekuti "PASS/FAIL", unogona kushandiswa segwaro rekupa basa rekuisa.
Mumapurojekiti makuru akadai sezvivako zvemahofisi, makampasi, kana nzvimbo dzedata, vanopa zvitupa zvetambo vanokosha nekuti vanobatsira kuona kuti network inogara kwenguva refu. Kunyange zvazvo ichidhura zvishoma, mabhenefiti acho anobatsira zvikuru, sezvo vachideredza njodzi yekukanganiswa kunokonzerwa nekuiswa kwetambo dzisina kunaka.
3) Jenareta yeTone uye Probe (Cable Tracker)
Pakushanda mukamuri reseva kana panel yekubatanidza tambo ine tambo dzakawanda, kuwana magumo akakodzera kunogona kuva dambudziko. Chinoburitsa toni chinotumira chiratidzo chetoni pasi petambo, wobva washandisa probe "kuteerera" uye kutevedzera tambo iri mupack kana panel yekubatanidza tambo. Chishandiso ichi chinoshanda zvikuru pakuona tambo pasina kufanira kudzibvisa imwe neimwe kana kuita bvunzo dzisina kurongeka.
Magadzirirwo emagetsi anobatsirawo kana magwaro emagetsi asina kunaka. Nzira iyi inobvumira mainjiniya kuti vatevedzere nzira dzemagetsi kubva panzvimbo yebasa kuenda kune patch panel nekukurumidza uye zvakachengeteka.
4) Multimeter uye PoE Voltage Tester
Multimeter (AVO meter) chishandiso chinoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana pakuyera voltage, current, uye resistance. Mu networking, multimeters dzinowanzo shandiswa kutarisa adapters, magetsi, grounding, kana kuona kuti hapana matambudziko emagetsi anokanganisa network devices.
Panguva iyi, muchina wekuyedza wePoE unoshandiswa kuona kuti ma switch ports anopa Simba pamusoro peEthernet zvichienderana nezvinodiwa (semuenzaniso, 802.3af/at/bt), pamwe nekuyera voltage uye power supply mode. Izvi zvakakosha kumidziyo yakaita se access points, IP phones, uye CCTV cameras, sezvo PoE power supply disappoints inogona kuonekwa se "network outages" kana sosi yacho iri dambudziko remagetsi.
5) Muedzi weNetwork/Muongorori (Muedzi weNetwork Connectivity)
Zvishandiso izvi zvinonyanya kutarisisa pakusimbisa kubatana kwenetiweki kwete kungoshandisa tambo chete. Vamwe vanoedza netiweki vanogona kutarisa kumhanya kwekubatanidza (10/100/1000/2.5G), kuona DHCP, kuyedza magedhi, kuita ping, traceroute, kuyedza DNS, uye kutoratidza IP address neruzivo rweVLAN. Nechishandiso chimwe chete, mainjiniya vanogona kuona kana dambudziko riri pa physical layer, IP configuration, kana network routing.
Chinosimbisa network chinobatsira zvikuru kune mainjiniya vanoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, nekuti chishandiso ichi chinoita kuti basa rekutarisa zvinhu zvidiki rikurumidze pasina kutakura laptop nemaadapter akawanda.
6) Packet Sniffer/Protocol Analyzer
Kune mamwe matambudziko akaomarara—akadai semapurogiramu anononoka, kutumira mameseji akawanda, kana kurwiswa kunofungidzirwa—ma "packet sniffers" akadai seWireshark (software) kana ma "specialized analyzers" anogona kubatsira kubata nekuongorora traffic. Kuongororwa kwema "packet" kunobvumira mainjiniya kuona ruzivo rwekutaurirana: TCP handshakes, DNS requests, TLS errors, IP conflicts, overbroadcasts, uye kunyange zviratidzo zve malware.
Kunyange zvazvo ma "packet sniffer" akawanda akavakirwa pasoftware, mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvishandiso zvakakosha (network taps, capture appliances) zvinoshandiswa kuitira kuti packet capture isakanganise network uye ikwanise kubata traffic inomhanya zvakanyanya.
7) Wi-Fi Analyzer uye Chishandiso Chekuongorora Nzvimbo
Network dzisina waya dzine matambudziko adzo akasiyana: masaini anokanganiswa nemadziro, kupindirana, daro, uye huwandu hwevashandisi. Wi-Fi analyzer inobatsira pakuongorora simba remasaini (RSSI), huwandu hweruzha, mashandisirwo emachiteshi, uye kuziva nzira dzakazadzwa. Nekushandisa chishandiso ichi, mainjiniya vanogona kuona nzira dzakakodzera, kuongorora mhando yekufamba-famba, uye kuona kwakabva kupindirana.
Chishandiso chekuongorora nzvimbo (mudziyo kana software) chinoshandiswa kugadzira nekusimbisa nzvimbo dzinopinda vanhu munzvimbo. Izvi zvinopa mufananidzo unoratidza nzvimbo dzine chiratidzo chakasimba uye chisina kusimba. Izvi zvakakosha kuzvivakwa zvirefu, matura, mahotera, kana makampasi kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti Wi-Fi yakaenzana uye kuti vanhu vanogona kuiwana zvakakwana.
8) iPerf uye Zvishandiso zveKuedza Kuburikidza
Kuyera kumhanya kwenetwork hakuna kukwana kungovimba chete nekuyedza kumhanya kweinternet, sezvo kuyedza kumhanya kuchikanganiswa nemasevha eruzhinji uye kubatana kweISP. Kuti uedze throughput yemukati, iPerf (software) inowanzo shandiswa. Ne iPerf, mainjiniya vanogona kuyera bandwidth yeTCP/UDP, jitter, kurasikirwa kwepaketi, uye mashandiro ari pakati pemapoinzi maviri pane network yemuno kana pakati pemasaiti eVPN.
Pachikero chebhizinesi, kune zvishandiso zvinogadzira traffic zvinogona kutevedzera zviuru zvezvikamu uye traffic loads chaiyo kuti zviedze kugona kwefirewall, routers, kana load balancers vasati vashandisa kugadzira.
9) Midziyo yekuedza yeOTDR neFiber Optic
Kune network dze fiber-optic, michina yacho yakasiyana. OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) inoshandiswa kuyera attenuation, kuona nzvimbo dzekutyoka, kubatana kusina kunaka, kana kukotama mumutsara we fiber. Pamusoro peOTDR, kune ma optical power meters uye masosi echiedza ekuyera kurasikirwa kubva kumagumo kuenda kumagumo uye kuona kuti optical link iri mukati mebhajeti yayo yemagetsi.
Midziyo yekuongorora fiber inokosha nekuti matambudziko efiber haawanzoonekwi. Kuongorora kwakakodzera kunobatsira kuona kuti musana we network kana kubatana kwe inter-building kuri kushanda zvakanaka.
10) Kutarisa uye Kunyora Mapurisa (NMS)
Kuedza hakusi kwematambudziko chete. Masisitimu ekutarisa network akaita seNMS (Network Monitoring Systems) anobatsira kutevera kuwanikwa (nguva yekushanda), latency, kushandiswa kwebandwidth, zvikanganiso zve interface, tembiricha yemudziyo, uye maitiro etraffic. Nekutarisa kwakanaka, zvikwata zvinogona kuona zviratidzo zvisati zvadzima. NMS dzinowanzo shandisa SNMP, syslog, NetFlow/sFlow, uye alerting.
Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri "chishandiso chemuviri" nguva dzose, kutarisa ndicho "chishandiso chakakosha" mukushanda nekuti chinoshandura matambudziko kubva pakugadzirisa zvinhu kuenda pakugadzirisa zvinhu.
Mazano ekusarudza Midziyo yeKuedza Network
Chekutanga, enzanisa chishandiso nezvinodiwa zvako: pakuisa hofisi diki, tambo yekuyedza uye toni yekuongorora zvinogona kukwana. Pabasa rekuvaka, funga nezve cable certifier. Chechipiri, funga nezvemhando yemedia: copper, fiber, kana Wi-Fi zvinoda maturusi akasiyana. Chechitatu, funga nezvemagwaro: chishandiso chinogona kuchengetedza mhedzisiro yebvunzo uye mishumo yekuburitsa kunze kwenyika ichaita kuti kuongororwa nekuendeswa kwedata kuve nyore. Chechina, funga nezve nyore kushandisa uye rutsigiro rwekutengeswa mushure mekutengesa, sezvo michina yekuyedza inowanzo shandiswa mumunda pasi pemamiriro akasiyana.
Penutup
Midziyo yekuyedza network inzira yakakosha yekuona kuti network yakavimbika, inokurumidza, uye yakachengeteka. Kubva kune vanoyedza cable vari nyore uye vanosimbisa mhando yekuisa, vanoteedzera cable, vanoyedza PoE, vanoongorora mapaketi, kusvika kune maturusi eWi-Fi nefiber akasarudzika - zvese zvine basa rekuona kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chenetwork chinoshanda zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa. Nekusanganiswa kwakakodzera kwezvishandiso uye nzira yekuyedza yakarongwa, kugadzirisa matambudziko kunokurumidza, nguva yekushanda inodzikira, uye mhando yebasa renetwork inovandudzwa zvakanyanya. Kana network iri "nzira huru" yedata, saka michina yekuyedza ndiyo "chishandiso chekuongorora" chinoita kuti mugwagwa urambe uchifambika.
