Mitemo Yepasi Pose Yekutaurirana Nefoni
Munyika yanhasi yakabatana, kutaurirana kunoshanda senzvimbo yehupenyu hwedhijitari munharaunda, zvichiita kuti ruzivo rwufambe zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakakura. Sezvo kudiwa kwema network ekutaurirana akaomarara, akavimbika, uye anoshanda kuri kuramba kuchikura, kudiwa kwemitemo yepasi rose mukutaurirana kwave kwakakosha kupfuura kare. Mitemo iyi inoshanda semutauro unoshandiswa pamwe chete, zvichiita kuti masisitimu akasiyana-siyana nemidziyo zvishande pamwe chete zvakanaka, izvo zvinoita kuti kutaurirana nekutengeserana pasi rose zvive nyore.
Basa uye Kukosha kweMitemo Yepasi Pose
Mitemo yepasi rose mukutaurirana kwemafoni yakagadzirwa kuti ipe hurongwa hwakafanana hunovimbisa kuenderana, kushanda pamwe chete, kuchengetedzeka, uye mhando. Kugadzwa kwemitemo iyi kunoderedza zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi pakutengeserana, kukurudzira hunyanzvi, uye kuona kuti vatengi vanodzivirira. Uyezve, inopa nhungamiro dzinogona kuteverwa nevagadziri, vanopa masevhisi, nevanogadzira software kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi avo zvinoenderana uye zvakavimbika.
Chimwe chezvakanakira zvikuru kuva nemitemo yepasi rose ndechekurerutsira kutaurirana pasi rose. Semuenzaniso, mitemo ine chekuita nekufambisa data, nzira dzekudzvanya, uye hunhu hwemasaini zvinoita kuti kufona kunoitwa nefoni mbozha muUnited States kugamuchirwe zviri pachena pamudziyo uri muJapan kana Germany. Pasina mitemo iyi, kutaurirana kwakadaro kwakazara nematambudziko uye kusawirirana.
Masangano Akakosha muMitemo Yekufonera
Masangano akakosha akati wandei anoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira nekuchengetedza mitemo yekutaurirana:
1. International Telecommunication Union (ITU): Sangano rakasarudzika reSangano reNyika Dzepasi Pose, ITU ine basa rekugadzirisa nyaya dzine chekuita neruzivo netekinoroji yekutaurirana. Inovandudza mwero wepasi rose unozivikanwa seITU-T Recommendations, iyo inofukidza ndima yese yekutaurirana.
2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): IEEE inovandudza mwero munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kutaurirana kusina waya, Ethernet, uye tekinoroji yebroadband. Mhuri yeIEEE 802 standards, inosanganisira mwero wakaita seWi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) neEthernet (IEEE 802.3), inonyanya kukosha.
3. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI): ETSI inogadzira mitemo inoshanda pasi rose yeInformation and Communications Technologies (ICT), kusanganisira network dzakagadziriswa, dzenharembozha, dzeredhiyo, dzekubatana, uye dzenhepfenyuro.
4. Chirongwa cheKudyidzana kweChizvarwa Chechitatu (3GPP): Kushandira pamwe uku pakati pemapoka emasangano emitemo yekutaurirana kunopa hurongwa hwakajairika hwekutaurirana kwemafoni. Zviitiko zvikuru zvinosanganisira kugadzirwa nekugadzirisa mitemo yeGSM, UMTS, neLTE.
Mhando dzeMitemo Yekufonera Yenyika Dzepasi Pose
Mitemo yepasi rose yekutaurirana kwefoni inogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana:
1. Kutaurirana neRadio: Izvi zvinodzora kutapurirana nekugamuchira mafungu pazvikamu zvakasiyana zvespectrum. Chikamu cheITU-R cheInternational Telecommunication Union ndicho chinonyanya kukonzera izvi.
2. Networking: Maitiro ari muchikamu chino anosanganisira maprotocol nematekinoroji eLocal Area Networks (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN), uye Internet. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite uye mabhii anotsanangura Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11).
3. Kutaurirana Nefoni: Mitemo yakaita seGSM, 3G, 4G, uye ikozvino 5G ndiyo inova hwaro hwekutaurirana kwefoni nedata. Mitemo iyi inoita kuti nharembozha kubva kuvagadziri vakasiyana-siyana dzikwanise kutaurirana kuburikidza nemanetwork akasiyana-siyana.
4. Kutaurirana Kwemaziso: Nekuwedzera kuri kuita tekinoroji yefiber optic, mitemo yekutaurirana kwemaziso yave yakakosha. Mazano eITU-T G. series anopa mitemo yekushandiswa kwenetwork dzemaziso pasi rose.
Matambudziko muKugadzira Mwero Yepasi Pose
Kugadzira mitemo yepasi rose yekutaurirana hakunei nematambudziko ayo. Dambudziko guru nderekusvika pakubvumirana pakati peboka rakasiyana-siyana revanhu vane chekuita nekutengeserana, kusanganisira hurumende, makambani akazvimirira, uye mapoka ekutsigira vatengi. Rimwe nerimwe remasangano aya rinowanzova nezvinhu zvakakosha zvakasiyana uye zvarinofarira, zvichiita kuti zviome kubvumirana pane zvimwe zvinhu zvehunyanzvi kana maitiro.
Rimwe dambudziko nderekukurumidza kwekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji. Panosvika nguva iyo mwero wekuvandudza unogadzirwa uye unobvumiranwa, tekinoroji yaunotarisa inogona kunge yashanduka, zvichiita kuti mwero wekuvandudza usashande zvakanaka kana kuti usashande zvakanaka. Kurwisa izvi, masangano akaita seITU neIEEE anoedza kuita kuti maitiro avo ekuisa mwero ave anobudirira uye anotarisa mberi sezvinobvira.
Uyezve, kushandiswa kwezviyero izvi kunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekusiyana kwehupfumi hwenzvimbo uye zvivakwa. Semuenzaniso, nyika dziri kusimukira dzinogona kunetseka kugadzirisa kana kuchengetedza zvivakwa zvavo zvekutaurirana kuti zvisvike pazviyero zvitsva, nokudaro zvichigadzira mukaha mukubatana kwenyika uye kuenzana kwedhijitari.
Chidzidzo Chenyaya: Kushanduka Kwemitemo Yenharembozha
Kushanduka kwemitemo yenharembozha kunoratidza hunhu hwemitemo yekutaurirana kwenyika dzepasi rose. Rwendo kubva pa1G kuenda ku5G runoratidza kuti kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese kwakatungamira sei kukura kwezvivakwa zvekutaurirana zviri kuwedzera kuomarara.
– 1G: Chizvarwa chekutanga chema network efoni chaive cheanalog uye chakanyanya kutarisana nekutaurirana nezwi. Nyika yega yega yakatanga kugadzira masisitimu ayo, zvichikonzera matambudziko ekubatana.
– 2G: Nekuuya kwe2G, kutapurirana kwedhijitari kwakatangwa, uye mitemo yakaita seGSM (Global System for Mobile communication) yakapa hurongwa hwakabatana, zvichiita kuti kufamba-famba kwepasi rose kuve nyore uye kushandiswa kwespectrum kwacho kuve kwakanyatsonaka.
– 3G: Chizvarwa chechitatu chakaunza mwero wepamusoro wekutumira data, zvichiita kuti mafoni evhidhiyo neinternet yefoni zvive nyore. Mitemo yakaita seUMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) yakagadzirwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti inoenderana nenyika yese.
– 4G: Chizvarwa chechina chakaona kuunzwa kweLTE (Long-Term Evolution), izvo zvakavandudza zvakanyanya kumhanya kwedata uye kuvimbika kwenetwork. Mwero uyu wakava tsika yepasi rose yeinternet yefoni inomhanya zvikuru.
– 5G: 5G yazvino, iyo yazvino, inopa kumhanya uye kubatana kusati kwamboitika, zvichigonesa kufambira mberi kwakadai seInternet of Things (IoT) nemotokari dzinozvishandira. Kugadziriswa kwe5G pasi rose, kunotungamirwa ne3GPP, kunoita kuti zvishandiso nema network zvishande zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
mhedziso
Mitemo yepasi rose yekutaurirana kwenhare yakakosha pakusimudzira nharaunda yepasi rose yakabatana. Inovimbisa kuti masisitimu akasiyana-siyana nemidziyo zvinogona kutaurirana zvinobudirira, kupa masevhisi emhando yepamusoro uye akavimbika, uye kubatsira mukushanduka kuri kuitika kwetekinoroji. Kunyange hazvo paine matambudziko mukugadzira nekushandisa mitemo iyi, mabhenefiti ayo anopa maererano nekubatana kwepasi rose, hunyanzvi, uye kuchengetedzwa kwevatengi akakosha. Sezvo tekinoroji ichiramba ichifambira mberi, basa remitemo yepasi rose yekutaurirana kwenhare richave rakakosha zvikuru mukuumba remangwana rekutaurirana pasi rose.
