Mazita eMakomputa Ezvinhu Zvakasanganiswa
Makomponi eorganic imakemikari anoumbwa zvakanyanya nekabhoni nehydrogen, dzimwe nguva nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seokisijeni, nitrogen, sarufa, phosphorus, uye halogens. Mazita eorganic compound, anozivikanwawo se organic nomenclature, inzira inoshandiswa kupa mazita emhando imwe uye akarongeka kumakemikari aya. Mazita akakodzera akakosha nekuti anobatsira mukuziva nekutaurirana kwesainzi. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora pfungwa yemazita eorganic compound zvichibva pamitemo yakagadzwa neInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Nheyo dzekutanga dzeIUPAC Nomenclature
Sisitimu yeIUPAC yakagadzirwa kuti ipe mazita akasiyana kune imwe neimwe kemikari zvichibva pachimiro chayo chemamorekuru. Mazita eIUPAC akagadzirwa kuti ave neruzivo rwakajeka nezvechimiro chekemikari kuitira kuti zita rigone kupatsanurwa kuita chimiro chekemikari chinoenderana. Nheyo huru yemazita eorganic inosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: zita remubereki, chiratidzo chinotsiva, uye chiratidzo chenzvimbo.
1. Zita reMubereki: Rinoreva cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose mumorekuru.
2. Chinotsiva Chinongedzo: Chinongedza mapoka kana maatomu akabatana neketani huru yekabhoni.
3. Chiratidzo cheChinzvimbo: Chinoratidza nzvimbo yechinotsiva muketani huru yekabhoni.
MaAlkanes, MaAlkenes, uye MaAlkynes
Ngatitangei nemazita emakomputa ari nyore ehydrocarbon: maalkanes (makomputa ane mabhondi maviri), maalkenes (makomputa ane bondi rimwe chete kana kupfuura), uye maalkynes (makomputa ane bondi rimwe kana kupfuura katatu).
Alkan
MaAlkanes mahydrocarbon akazara ane chisungo chimwe chete pakati pemaatomu ekabhoni. Fomura yakajairika yemaalkanes iCnH2n+2. Mazita eAlkane anopera na "-ane." Mienzaniso inosanganisira:
– Methane (CH4): Alkane diki ine atomu imwe chete yekabhoni.
– Ethane (C2H6): Maatomu maviri ekabhoni, ane urongwa hwayo: CH3-CH3.
– Propane (C3H8): Maatomu matatu ekabhoni, ane urongwa hwayo: CH3-CH2-CH3.
Kune ma alkanes ane cheni refu dzekabhoni, mazita ekutanga anotorwa kubva kunhamba dzechiGiriki. Mienzaniso: butane (4 carbons), pentane (5 carbons), hexane (6 carbons).
Alken
MaAlkenes mahydrocarbon asina kuguta ane bond mbiri dzecarbon-carbon imwe kana kupfuura. Fomura yakajairika ye alkane iCnH2n. Zita repamutemo rema alkenes rinopera na "-ene." Cheni yemubereki inoverengwa kubva kumagumo ari pedyo nebond mbiri. Mienzaniso inosanganisira:
– Ethene (C2H4): Maatomu maviri ekabhoni ane chisungo chimwe chete chakapetwa kaviri.
– Propene (C3H6): Maatomu matatu ekabhoni: CH2=CH-CH3.
Alkynes
MaAlkynes mahydrocarbon asina kuguta ane chisungo chimwe chete kana kupfuura checarbon-carbon triple bonds. Fomura yavo yakajairika iCnH2n-2. Zita repamutemo remaalkynes rinopera na "-yne." Kufanana nemaalkenes, nhamba dzinotanga pamagumo ari pedyo ne triple bond. Mienzaniso inosanganisira:
– Ethyne (C2H2): Maatomu maviri ekabhoni ane chisungo chimwe chete chetatu.
– Propune (C3H4): Maatomu matatu ekabhoni: CH≡C-CH3.
Mapoka Anoshanda
Boka rinoshanda chikamu chemorekuru rinoshanda sechikamu chinopindura uye rinosarudza hunhu hwemakemikari emorekuru. Heano mimwe mienzaniso yemapoka anoshanda uye mazita avo anoenderana.
doro
Madoro kana kuti alcohols zvinhu zvine boka rehydroxyl (-OH) rakabatana neatomu yekabhoni yakaguta. Mazita edoro anopera ne "-ol." Kuverenga nhamba kunofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti atomu ye -OH yakaderera sezvinobvira.
Muenzaniso:
– Methanol (CH3OH): Doro riri nyore kushandisa rine atomu imwe chete yekabhoni.
– Ethanol (C2H5OH): Maatomu maviri ekabhoni ane boka rimwe rehydroxyl rakabatana nekabhoni yekutanga.
MaAldehydes neKetones
MaAldehydes ane boka recarbonyl (C=O) rakabatana neatomu yekabhoni iro rakabatanawo neatomu yehydrogen. Zita realdehyde rinoguma na “-al.”
Muenzaniso:
– Methanal (HCHO): Inozivikanwawo se formaldehyde, ine kabhoni imwe chete.
– Ethanal (CH3CHO) : Inozivikanwawo seacetaldehyde, ine macarbon maviri.
Maketoni ane boka recarbonyl rakabatana nemamwe maatomu maviri ekabhoni. Zita reketone rinoguma na “-one.”
Muenzaniso:
– Propanone (CH3COCH3): Inozivikanwawo seacetone, ine makabhoni matatu.
Carboxylic Acids uye Esters
MaCarboxylic acids ane boka remacarboxyl (-COOH). Zita recarboxylic acid rinoguma na “-oic.”
Muenzaniso:
– Methanoic Acid (HCOOH): Inozivikanwawo se formic acid.
– Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH): Inozivikanwawo seacetic acid.
MaEsters anoumbwa kubva pakusangana pakati pecarboxylic acid nealcohol. MaEsters anotumidzwa zita reacid nealcohol zvavanogadzira uye zvinoguma ne "-oic."
Muenzaniso:
– Methyl Methanoate (HCOOCH3): Maesta e formic acid ne methanol.
– Ethyl Ethanoate (CH3COOCH2CH3): Maesta eacetic acid neethanol.
Kuverenga neKunyora Mazita eVanotsiva
Kuverenga manhamba mumakemikari kunowedzera kuoma kana paine zvinhu zvinotsiva. Chinhu chinotsiva atomu kana boka remaatomu anotsiva hydrogen muhydrocarbon huru. Heano matanho akajairika:
1. Sarudza Cheni Huru: Sarudza cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose ine boka guru rinoshanda.
2. Kuverenga nhamba: Isa nhamba iyi kubva kumagumo ari pedyo neboka rekutanga kana kuti chinotsiva.
3. Tsvaga Zvinotsiva: Dudza zvinotsiva sezvivakamberi uye isa zvinotsiva muhurongwa hwearufabheti.
4. Chiratidzo Chenzvimbo: Shandisa manhamba kuratidza nzvimbo yechinhu chimwe nechimwe chinotsiva pane cheni huru.
Muenzaniso:
– 2-Methylpropene (C4H8): Cheni huru ipropene (macarbon matatu ane chisungo chimwe chete chakapetwa kaviri). Methyl inotsiva kabhoni yechipiri.
– 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane (C8H18): Cheni huru ihexane (macarboni matanhatu). Ethyl substituent iri pacarboni yechitatu uye methyl substituent iri pacarboni yechipiri.
Mhedziso
Kududzirwa kwemazita emakomponi eorganic ihwaro hwakakosha mu organic chemistry. Sisitimu yeIUPAC inopa gwara rakarongeka uye rinobatanidza rekuziva nekutumidza mazita emakomponi akasiyana-siyana eorganic. Nekunzwisisa mitemo nemisimboti yemazita ekutanga, tinogona kufamba nekutaurirana zviri nyore mumunda we organic chemistry.
