Maumbirwo eMuviri weKuchinjana uye Kutakurwa kweZvinhu
Kuchinjana nekutakura zvinhu inzira inokosha muzvinhu zvipenyu, zvichiita kuti masero awane zvinovaka muviri neokisijeni, uye kubvisa tsvina. Maitiro aya anosanganisira masisitimu akaomarara uye akarongeka zvakanaka, kubva kumasero kusvika kumatishu nenhengo kusvika kunhengo dzese. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvakadzama maumbirwo emuviri anobatanidzwa mukuchinjana nekutakura zvinhu.
1. Sisitimu yeKutenderera kweropa
a. Mwoyo
Mwoyo ndiwo nhengo huru muhurongwa hweropa, unoshanda sepombi yekuona kuti ropa rinotenderera mumuviri wese. Uine makamuri makuru mana—atria mbiri nemaventricle maviri—moyo unoita basa rakakosha mukupomba ropa rine oxygen kubva mumapapu kuenda kune mamwe mativi emuviri kuburikidza neventricle yekuruboshwe, uye ropa rine carbon dioxide kubva kune mamwe mativi emuviri kuenda kumapapu kuti ribudiswe kuburikidza neventricle yekurudyi.
b. Mitsipa yeropa
Mitsipa yeropa ine tsinga, mitsipa, uye mitsipa yeropa. Mitsipa yeropa inotakura ropa rine oxygen kubva mumoyo mumuviri wese, ukuwo mitsipa ichidzosera ropa rine carbon dioxide kubva mumuviri kumoyo. Mitsipa yeropa midiki apo kuchinjana kwezvinhu kunoitika pakati peropa nemasero emuviri kuburikidza nekupararira. Madziro matete emitsipa yeropa anobvumira zvinovaka muviri, okisijeni, uye tsvina kuti zvifambe zviri nyore.
c. Ropa
Ropa ndiro nzira huru yekufambisa zvinhu mumuviri. Rine masero matsvuku eropa, anotakura okisijeni; masero machena eropa, anodzivirira muviri; maplatelet, anobatsira kugwamba; uye plasma, ine zvinovaka muviri, mahormone, uye zvinhu zvinogadzira metabolic. Hemoglobin iri mumasero matsvuku eropa inosungana neokisijeni mumapapu uye inoiburitsa munyama painodiwa.
2. Sisitimu yekufema
a. Mapapu
Mapapu ndiwo nhengo huru dzekuchinjana magasi. Mhepo inopinda nemunzira yekufema inosvika mualveoli, tumasagi tudiki twemhepo mumapapu, uko okisijeni inobva mumhepo inotamisirwa muropa, uye kabhoni dhayiokisaidhi inobva muropa inoburitswa mumhepo kuti ibudiswe mumuviri.
b. Trachea neBronchus
Trachea ndiyo nzira huru yekufema inopatsanurana kuita mabronchi maviri anotungamira kumapapu ega ega. Chimiro ichi chinodzivirirwa nemhete dzekatsi dzinodzivirira kutetepa kwenzira yekufema panguva yekufema. Bronchi inopararira kuita mabronchioles madiki, zvichizoguma mualveoli.
c. Nzira yekufema
Kufefetera kwemapapu kunoitika nekuda kwekusiyana kwekumanikidzwa kuri pakati pemhepo ne pleural cavity yakakomberedza mapapu. Diaphragm ne intercostal tsandanyama zvinoita basa guru mukugadzira musiyano uyu wekumanikidzwa. Kana diaphragm yakabatana, chipfuva chinokura, kuderedza kumanikidzwa uye kukwevera mweya mumapapu. Kureruka kwe diaphragm kunowedzera kumanikidzwa muchipfuva uye kusunda mweya kubva mumapapu.
3. Sisitimu Yekugaya Zvokudya
a. Muromo neGurokuro
Kuchinjana kunotanga pakarepo chikafu chichipinda mumuromo, uko chinotsengwa uye chinosanganiswa nema enzymes ekugaya chikafu mumate, chisati chafamba nepagurokuro kuenda mudumbu.
b. Dumbu neMatumbu Madiki
Mudumbu, chikafu chinoputswa-putswa nemakemikari uye nemakemikari kuita chyme, iyo inozopfuudzwa kuura hudiki. Ura hudiki ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekupinza zvinovaka muviri muropa. Villi ne microvilli zviri pamadziro eura zvinowedzera nzvimbo yepamusoro, zvichiita kuti zvinovaka muviri zvinyanye kunyudzwa.
c. Sisitimu yeKutenderera Kweropa muHepatic Portal
Mushure mekunyudzwa muura hudiki, ropa rine zvinovaka muviri rinoyerera richienda kuchiropa kuburikidza netsinga yemuchiropa. Chiropa chinoshanda senzvimbo yekuchinja mashandiro emuviri, chichigadzirisa zvinovaka muviri zvisati zvatakurwa mumuviri wese.
4. Sisitimu Yekubvisa Matumbu
a. Itsvo
Itsvo dzinosefa ropa kuti dzigadzire weti, dzibvise tsvina yemuviri, uye dzichengetedze kuenzana kwemvura ne electrolyte. Itsvo imwe neimwe ine ma nephrons angangoita miriyoni, mayuniti ekusefa asingaonekwe anobvisa tsvina uye anotonga huwandu hwema ion muropa.
b. Ureter, Dundira, uye Urethra
Weti inogadzirwa neitsvo inoyerera nepakati peureters ichienda kudundira kuti ichengetwe kwenguva pfupi, isati yaburitswa mumuviri kuburikidza neurethra.
c. Sisitimu yeLymphatic
Inobatsira kutakura mvura yakawandisa muropa uye inoita basa guru mukudzivirira muviri nekubatsira kutakura masero emuviri anodzivirira zvirwere.
5. Kuchinjana uye Kutakura paNhare
Sero rega rega mumuviri rine membrane inopindika zvishoma, zvichibvumira zvimwe zvinhu kupinda kana kubuda kuburikidza nenzira dzakadai sekupararira, osmosis, uye active transport. Zvinovaka muviri nemamorekuru madiki akaita semagasi zvinopfuura nekupararira kusingafambi, nepo mamorekuru makuru kana kuti epolar anoshandisa mapuroteni emembrane senzira dzinobatsira.
a. Kupararira uye Osmosis
Okisijeni nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi zvinopararira mumasero zvichienderana nekuwanda kwazvo. Osmosis rudzi rwekupararira kunosanganisira kufamba kwemvura mumasero.
b. Kutakurwa Kwebasa
Zvinoshandisa simba (ATP) kutakura mamorekuru achipesana negradient yehuwandu. Zvakakosha pakupinza glucose nemaion pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kuchengetedza electrolyte nepH balance mumuviri.
Mhedziso
Maumbirwo emuviri ekuchinjana nekutakura zvinhu inetwork yakaoma inochengetedza homeostasis, iyo inokosha kuti zvipenyu zvirarame. Kubva pakushanda kwemoyo nemapapu kusvika kugadziriro yekugaya chikafu uye kunyange itsvo, nhengo yega yega nehurongwa hwemuviri zvinobatsira mukuchengetedza hupenyu kuburikidza nekuenzana kwezvinhu nesimba. Kunzwisisa mashandiro uye kudyidzana pakati penhengo idzi kunoita kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama kukosha kwekubatana kwenhengo dzemuviri mukuchengetedza hupenyu hwakanaka.
