Kuumbwa kweMusungo Wakakombama: Tsananguro Yakadzama yeMusungo weMafupa
Tsandanyama zvinhu zvakakosha muhurongwa hwetsandanyama nemapfupa, zvichigonesa kufamba kwese mumuviri wedu. Pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzetsandanyama, tsandanyama dzakasungwa, dzinozivikanwawo setsandanyama dzemapfupa, dzinoita basa rakakosha. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora chimiro chetsandanyama dzemapfupa zvakadzama, kubva pahukuru kusvika pahukuru hwemakroskopu, uye kutsanangura mashandiro adzo mumuviri wemunhu.
Nhanganyaya yeStriated Muscle
Tsandanyama dzakatwasuka dzinotumidzwa zita iri nekuti dzinoonekwa pasi pemaikorosikopu, dzichiratidza maitiro emitsara yakachinjika (striations) inobva mukurongeka kwetsandanyama dzakatwasuka. Rudzi urwu rwetsandanyama runodzorwa nemaune kana kuti nekuzvidira uye rwakabatana nemapfupa kuburikidza nematendons.
Maumbirwo eMacroscopic eStriated Tsandanyama
Mukuona kwemacroscopic, tsandanyama dzemapfupa dzine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakarongwa zvakanaka:
1. Mafascicle: Tsandanyama dzinoumbwa netsandanyama dzakawanda dzinonzi mafascicle. Fascicle yega yega yakakomberedzwa nenyama dzinobatanidza dzinozivikanwa seperimysium.
2. Mugove wetsandanyama: Muunganidzwa wezvizhinji zvemafasciculi zvinoumba tsandanyama yese uye zvakafukidzwa nenyama inobatana inonzi epimysium.
3. Matendoni: Migumo yetsandanyama yakabatana nemapfupa netsinga, mabhandi akasimba, anochinjika enyama. Matendoni akagadzirwa necollagen, iyo inodzivirira zvakanyanya kushushikana.
Maumbirwo eMitsara Yakakamurwa neMaikorosikopu
Tichipinda padanho re microscopic, tinogona kuwana rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama nezvezvikamu zvemhasuru dzakasungwa:
1. Fiber yetsandanyama: Chikamu chikuru chetsandanyama dzakasungwa imhasuru yetsandanyama kana kuti fibre yetsandanyama, iyo yakareba uye yakatenderera. Fiber idzi dzine nuclei dzakawanda uye mitochondria, izvo zvakakosha pakugadzira simba.
2. Sarcolemma: Kamudzira keplasma kemhasuru dzemhasuru kanoita basa rakakosha pakugamuchira zviratidzo kubva kuhurongwa hwetsinga.
3. Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm yemhasuru ine glycogen uye myoglobin, iyo inokosha pakuchengetedza simba neokisijeni.
4. Myofibrils: Faibha yega yega yetsandanyama ine myofibrils dzakawanda, dzinoumbwa nemayuniti anonzi sarcomeres.
5. Sarcomere: Ichi ndicho chikamu chidiki che myofibril chinobata dumbu. Chinoumbwa neprotein filaments actin (yakatetepa) uye myosin (yakakora). Kudzokorora kwakatevedzana kwesarcomeres kunoita kuti tsandanyama dzine striated dziite sedzakatambanuka.
Basa uye Maitiro eKudzikira
Kusunga tsandanyama kwakakombama kunosanganisira kudyidzana kwakanyatsojeka pakati peactin nemyosin uye kunokonzerwa nemasaini emagetsi anobva kutsinga dzemagetsi. Maitiro aya anogona kutsanangurwa mumatanho anotevera:
1. Kumanikidzwa kwetsinga: Kudzikira kunotanga kana tsinga ichifamba nepakati pemotoneuron ichienda kumhasuru. Painosvika kumagumo etsinga, tsinga iyi inokonzera kuburitswa kweacetylcholine musynaptic cleft.
2. Kugadzirwa Kwesimba Rekuita: Acetylcholine inosunga kuma receptors ari mu sarcolemma, zvichikonzera simba rekuita rinopararira ne membrane, rinopinda mu fiber kuburikidza neT-tubules uye rinosvika ku sarcoplasmic reticulum.
3. Kuburitswa kweCalcium: Izvi zvinoita kuti calcium ions iburitswe kubva mu sarcoplasmic reticulum kuenda ku sarcoplasm.
4. Kubatana kweActin-Myosin: Maion ecalcium anosungana netroponin pa actin filament, zvichikonzera shanduko inobvisa tropomyosin kubva panzvimbo dzinosunga myosin pa actin. Misoro ye myosin ikozvino inogona kusungana ne actin, zvichiita mabhiriji akasiyana.
5. Power Stroke: Uchishandisa ATP, misoro yemyosin inoita kufamba-famba ichitevedza actin, ichidhonza tambo dzakatetepa kuenda pakati pesarcomere uye ichikonzera kukwenya.
6. Kuzorora: Mushure mekunzwa kurwadza, ma calcium ions anodzoserwa mu sarcoplasmic reticulum, troponin ne tropomyosin zvinovharazve nzvimbo dzinosunga, myosin inoburitsa actin, uye tsandanyama dzinodzokera pakusununguka.
Basa reMusungo Wakakombama Mumuviri
Tsandanyama dzakasimba dzine mabasa akawanda akakosha, anosanganisira:
– Kufamba: Kunogadzira kufamba kwemuviri nekudhonza mapfupa kuburikidza nekusunga.
– Chimiro: Kuchengetedza chimiro chemuviri chakasimba.
– Kugadzikana kwejoini: Kunobatsira kuchengetedza majoini ari panzvimbo yakakodzera.
– Kugadzira Kupisa: Kunogadzira kupisa kuti muviri urambe uchidziya kuburikidza nekuchinja kwesimba remuviri panguva yekuoma kwetsandanyama.
Kujaira uye Hutano hweMisungo Yakakombama
Tsandanyama dzakasimba dzinogona kujairana nekurovedza muviri. Kurovedza muviri nguva dzose kunogona kuwedzera kukura kwetsandanyama (hypertrophy), simba, uye kushanda zvakanaka. Kusiyana neizvi, kushaya simba kunogona kukonzera kupera simba, kana kurasikirwa nehuremu hwetsandanyama.
Pamusoro pezvo, kudya kwakakodzera uye kunyoroveswa kwemvura kwakakosha pakuchengetedza tsandanyama dzine hutano. Kudya mapuroteni akakwana kunodiwa kuti mapuroteni etsandanyama agadzireke, nepo maelectrolyte akadai sepotassium necalcium achikosha pakushanda kwemuviri.
Mhedziso
Tsandanyama dzakasimba, pamwe chete nemaumbirwo adzo akaomarara uye mabasa akakosha, chikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwetsandanyama nemapfupa evanhu. Kunzwisisa maumbirwo adzo nemaitiro adzo kunoita kuti pave neruzivo rwakakosha rwekuti muviri wemunhu unofamba sei uye unoshanda sei. Kuchengetedza hutano hwetsandanyama kuburikidza nekurovedza muviri, kudya kwakaringana, uye kutarisirwa kwakakodzera kwakakosha kuti pave nechokwadi chekufamba kwakanaka uye chimiro chemuviri muhupenyu hwese.
