Matekiniki eKuratidza Data reStatistical muchimiro cheMatafura eKugovera MaFrequency
Mukutsvaga, kuongorora, uye kushuma data munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana—dzidzo, hutano, hupfumi, uye bhizinesi—tinowanzo sangana nehuwandu hwakawanda. Data rakagadzirwa senge mamakisi ebvunzo dzevadzidzi akawanda, huremu hwevarwere, kana mwedzi yekutengesa kwezuva nezuva inogona kuoma kududzira kana ikangoratidzwa serondedzero yenhamba. Imwe yenzira dzinoshanda kwazvo dzekupfupikisa data kuti rive nyore kuverenga nekuongorora ndeyekuiratidza mutafura yekugovera frequency. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura tsananguro, chinangwa, mhando, uye matanho anoshanda ekugadzira tafura yekugovera frequency yakachena uye ine ruzivo.
Kunzwisisa Matafura Ekugovera MaFrequency
Tafura yekugoverwa kwema frequency itafura inoratidza data rehuwandu nekuisa data muzvikamu kana zvikamu zvakati wandei uye wozoverenga huwandu hwenguva iyo kukosha kwega kwega kunoitika. Nhamba yezviitiko inonzi frequency. Iyi mharidzo inobatsira vaverengi kuona mapatani edata: ndeapi manhamba anowanzoitika, huwandu hwedata, kugoverwa, uye maitiro akajairika.
Semuenzaniso, kana tine mamakisi ebvunzo kubva kuvadzidzi zana, tafura yekugoverwa kwezvibodzwa inotibvumira kuona kuti vadzidzi vangani vakawana 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, nezvimwewo. Nekupfupisa kwakadai, ruzivo rwepakati runova rwakajeka kupfuura kungoratidza manhamba zana.
Chinangwa uye Mabhenefiti eKuparidzira muKuparadzirwa kweFrequency
Kuratidza data patafura yekugovera frequency kune mabhenefiti makuru akati wandei:
1. Pfupikisa ruzivo rukuru muchimiro chakapfupika uye chiri nyore kunzwisisa.
2. Inobatsira pakuongorora kuti pave nemapatani, mafambiro uye kutsauka kwedata.
3. Inova hwaro hwekugadzira magirafu, akadai semahistogram, ma frequency polygon, uye ma ogives.
4. Inobatsira pakuverenga nhamba dzepamusoro, semuenzaniso kufungidzira mean, median, mode, uye standard deviation yedata rakarongwa.
5. Kuvandudza mhando yemishumo nekuti data rinoita serakarongeka uye rakarongeka.
Mhando dzeKuparadzirwa kweFrequency
Kazhinji, matafura ekugoverwa kwema frequency anogona kurongwa mumafomu anotevera:
1. Kugoverwa Kwemafrequency Rimwe Chete (Hazvina Kurongwa Mumapoka)
Data rinoratidzwa sezvariri muzvikamu zvehuwandu humwe chete. Rakakodzera data rine musiyano mudiki kana huwandu hushoma hwehuwandu hwakasiyana.
2. Kugoverwa KwemaFrequency Akarongwa
Data rakakamurwa muzvikamu zvekirasi (semuenzaniso, 40–49, 50–59). Rakakodzera nhamba huru yedata renhamba rine huwandu hwakakura hwezvinhu.
3. Kugoverwa Kwenguva Dzese
Kuwanda kwedata kunoratidzwa sechikamu kana chikamu chehuwandu hwedata, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuenzanisa.
4. Kugoverwa Kwakawanda Kwakawanda
Inoratidza huwandu hwe data hwakaunganidzwa kusvika pamuganho wekirasi. Inobatsira kuona kuti ingani data iri pasi (kana pamusoro) pemutengo wakatarwa.
Matanho ekugadzira Tafura yeKugovera MaFrequency Yakaunganidzwa
Idzi ndidzo nzira dzinowanzo shandiswa pakugadzira matafura ekugovera mafrequency akabatanidzwa.
1. Kuronga uye Kunzwisisa Ruzivo Rusina Kugadzirwa
Danho rekutanga nderekuona kuti data racho rakwana uye rinoshanda, wobva watsvaga:
– Kukosha kushoma (Xmin)
– Kukosha kukuru (Xmax)
- Ruzivo rwakawanda (n)
Kuronga data kubva padiki kusvika pakuru hazvidikanwi, asi kazhinji zvinobatsira pakuongorora nekuronga data.
2. Sarudza Range
Rudzi rwedata runoverengerwa uchishandisa fomura:
R = Xmax – Xmin
Rudzi rwe data runoratidza kuti data rakapararira zvakadii. Rudzi rwe data rukuru, mukana wekuti tafura yakarongwa idiwe kuti ipfupiswe zviri nani.
3. Sarudza Nhamba yeMakirasi (k)
Huwandu hwemakirasi hunogona kuzivikanwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Imwe yenzira dzakakurumbira ndiyo fomura yeSturges:
k = 1 + 3,3 log10(n)
Mhedzisiro yekuverenga inowanzo tenderedzwa kusvika panhamba yakazara iri pedyo (kana kumusoro) kuitira kuti tafura ionekwe kuti inomiririra. Semuenzaniso, kana k = 6,4, inogona kutenderedzwa kusvika kumakirasi manomwe.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka: Fomura yaSturges inhungamiro, kwete mutemo wakaoma uye unokurumidza. Mukuita, vaongorori vanowanzo gadzirisa huwandu hwemakirasi kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti nguva yacho "iri nyore kuverenga" uye haina kupararira zvakanyanya kana kupfupika zvakanyanya.
4. Kuziva Hurefu hweNguva yeKirasi (i)
Mushure mekuwana k, verengai hurefu hwechikamu chekirasi:
i = R / k
Kana mhedzisiro isiri nhamba yakakwana, inowanzo tenderedzwa kuita nhamba iri nyore (semuenzaniso, 5, 10, kana 2) kuchengetedza miganhu yekirasi yakachena.
Muenzaniso: kana i = 6,25, inogona kutenderedzwa kusvika pa7 kana 6 zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, tichifunga nezvehuwandu hwepamusoro hwehuwandu.
5. Kugadza Miganhu yeKirasi
Sarudza nguva yekirasi inotangira kubva pamutengo wakaderera. Muenzaniso:
– 40–46
– 47–53
– 54–60
nezvimwewo.
Paunenge uchiisa miganhu yekirasi, teerera kune:
– Zvikamu zvepakati hazvipindirani.
– Ruzivo rwese runofanira kuiswa mune rimwe remakirasi.
- Zviri nani kushandisa nzira yepakati yakafanana.
Kune nhamba dzese (semuenzaniso, mamakisi ebvunzo), miganhu yekirasi inowanzo nyorwa senhamba dzese. Kana data iri chiyero chinoenderera mberi (semuenzaniso, huremu), miganhu chaiyo ine madecimals inogona kushandiswa.
6. Verenga Kuwanda kweKirasi Yega Yega
Isa poindi yega yega yedata muchikamu chakakodzera chekirasi, wobva waverenga huwandu hwese. Maitiro aya anogona kuitwa nemaoko uchishandisa nzira yekuverengera kana kushandisa software yakaita seExcel/SPSS.
Mhedzisiro yekuverenga inonyorwa sehuwandu (f). Kana zvichidikanwa, wedzera:
– Kuwanda kwehuwandu (fr) = f / n × 100%
– Kuwanda kwakawanda (Fk)
7. Gadzira matafura zvakakwana uye zvakajeka
Chimiro chetafura yekugovera frequency yakanaka chinowanzo kuve ne:
- Chikamu chepakati pekirasi
- Koramu yekakawanda
– (Sarudzo) kirasi yepakati (xi)
– (Sarudzo) kakawanda
– (Sarudzo) kuwanda kwehuwandu
Chikamu chepakati (xi) chinoverengerwa ne:
xi = (muganhu wakaderera + muganho wepamusoro) / 2
Pakati pepakati payo pakuverenga nhamba dzedata rakarongwa sepakati peboka.
Nheyo Dzakakosha dzeTafura Dzinopa Ruzivo Rwakawanda
Kuti tafura yekugoverwa kwema frequency isave yakanaka chete, asiwo ine ruzivo, teererai misimboti inotevera:
1. Shandisa nhamba yakakodzera yemakirasi
Makirasi mashoma anoita kuti pfupiso iome zvakanyanya; makirasi akawanda anoita kuti tafura ive yakazara uye iome kuverenga.
2. Sarudza nguva inopindirana
Upamhi hwepakati hunofanira kunge hwakafanana kumakirasi ese, kunze kwekunge paine chikonzero chinomanikidza (semuenzaniso, makirasi akavhurika).
3. Ita shuwa kuti data rese rafukidzwa
Hapafanirwe kuva nedata "risina kukodzera" mune chero kirasi.
4. Isa zita remusoro netsananguro
Mazita etafura, manyuko edata, uye mayuniti (semuenzaniso, kg, mapoinzi, rupiah) zvinobatsira vaverengi kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu.
5. Funga nezvemakirasi akavhurika kana zvichidikanwa
Kune data rakawandisa, makirasi asina magumo akadai sekuti “≥ 100” kana “≤ 40” dzimwe nguva anoshandiswa. Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kudzikamisa ongororo yakawanda, saka zvishandise nekungwarira.
Zvikanganiso Zvakajairika Pakugadzirira Kugoverwa Kwenguva Dzose
Zvimwe zvikanganiso zvakajairika zvinosanganisira:
- Zvikamu zvekirasi hazvisi zvinotevedzana kana kuti zvinopindirana.
- Upamhi hwepakati husina kuenderana pasina chikonzero chakajeka.
- Kutenderedza chikamu chepakati kunoita kuti kukosha kwepamusoro kusagadzirwe.
- Kusaziva zvisizvo miganhu yekirasi yedata rinoenderera mberi kuitira kuti data pamiganhu yepakati rive risina kujeka.
– Hazvisanganisire huwandu hwese (hunofanira kuenzana ne n).
Penutup
Maitiro ekuratidza data rehuwandu muchimiro chetebhuraundi yekugovera frequency hunyanzvi hwakakosha mukuongorora data. Nematanho akakodzera—kubva pakuona huwandu hwedata, huwandu hwemakirasi, urefu hwepakati, kusvika pakuverenga frequency—data rakaomarara rinogona kushandurwa kuita pfupiso inonzwisisika zviri nyore, yakagadzirira kuongororwa, uye yakagadzirira kuratidzwa. Pazvinangwa zvedzidzo nezvebasa, matafura ekugovera frequency anotibatsira kuona "nyaya" iri shure kwenhamba zvakajeka, zvakarongeka, uye zvinogutsa.
