Nhamba muAnthropology
Anthropology inowanzonzwisiswa sesainzi yakabatana zvikuru nenyaya—nyaya dzehupenyu, tsika, zviratidzo, uye zvazvinoreva zvinogovaniswa nevanhu mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, kunze kwenyaya idzi dzakapfuma, anthropology inodawo nzira yekuziva mapatani nenzira yakarongeka. Apa ndipo panoita nhamba basa rakakosha. Nhamba dzinobatsira vanoongorora anthropology kushandura kucherechedza kuita zvakawanikwa zvinogona kuyedzwa, kuenzanisa, uye kutaurwa zvinogutsa. Nekubatanidza nzira dzemhando yepamusoro uye dzehuwandu, anthropology inogona kupindura mibvunzo yakaita sekuti kwete chete "zvinorevei" asiwo "zvinoitika kangani," "kukanganisa kwayo kwakakosha sei," uye "maitiro aya akasiyana here mumapoka?"
Sei nhamba dzichikosha mukudzidza nezvevanhu?
Chinangwa chikuru chekudzidza nezvevanhu ndechekunzwisisa vanhu mumamiriro avo ezvinhu emagariro evanhu, ezvehupenyu, emitauro, uye enhoroondo. Mubasa remumunda, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinowanzo sangana neruzivo rwakaoma: kubvunzurudza, zvinyorwa zvekucherechedza, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, kuyerwa kwemuviri, ruzivo rwehutano, hukama hwehukama, uye kunyange maitiro ekutama. Nhamba dzinobatsira kupfupisa kuoma uku kuita ruzivo runogona kududzirwa semafambiro, hukama pakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye musiyano pakati penharaunda.
Nhamba dzakakoshawo pakuwedzera kururama kwemhedziso. Semuenzaniso, kana nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzichiti tsika yetsika "yakawedzera" munguva yakati, kutaura kwacho kwakasimba kana kuchitsigirwa nekuverenga kakawanda, kuenzanisa kwegore negore, kana bvunzo dzekukosha. Nemamwe mashoko, nhamba dzinosimbisa nharo neuchapupu hunoyerwa.
Mhando dzedata muongororo yevanhu
Anthropology inogadzira ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana. Kazhinji, ruzivo runogona kutora mafomu anotevera:
1. Ruzivo rwemazita: mapoka asina kurongeka, akadai serudzi rwebasa, kubatana neboka, kana rudzi rwetsika.
2. Ruzivo rwechinyakare: zvikamu zvakatevedzana, semuenzaniso danho redzidzo (chikoro chepuraimari, chikoro chepakati, chikoro chesekondari, koreji) kana chiyero chekuongorora maitiro.
3. Ruzivo rwepakati/reshiyo: nhamba dzine daro rine zvarinoreva, zvakaita semari inowanikwa, zera, kureba, nhamba yenhengo dzemhuri, kana kuti kushanyira nzvimbo dzekunamatira kakawanda.
Uyezve, ruzivo rwakawanda rwevanhu "rwakasanganiswa." Semuenzaniso, mhinduro dzekubvunzurudzwa dzinogona kunyorwa muzvikamu uye dzozoongororwa pamwe chete neruzivo rweongororo. Maitiro aya anosimbisa kuti nhamba hadzitsivi nzira dzekuongorora, asi dzinodziwedzera.
Nhamba dzinotsanangura: kupfupikisa chokwadi chemagariro evanhu
Danho rekutanga rekushandiswa kwenhamba rinowanzova nhamba dzinotsanangura, nzira yekupfupisa data. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kuverenga avhareji, avhareji, modhi, muzana, uye zviyero zvekupararira zvakaita sekutsauka kwakajairwa. Semuenzaniso, tsvakiridzo pamusoro pemaitiro ekudya kwemhuri inogona kuratidza avhareji yemari inoshandiswa pakudya kwevhiki nevhiki uye kusiyana kwayo pakati pemapoka evanhu.
Kuona zvinhu nemaziso chikamu chakakosha chezviverengero zvinotsanangura. Mabhawa anogona kuratidza kugoverwa kwemabasa mumusha, nepo mahistogram achiratidza kugoverwa kwemazera pakuroora kekutanga. Mepu dzemusoro (dzakadai sekugoverwa kwemitauro kana mamepu ekutama) dzinobatsira kubatanidza nhamba nenzvimbo dzemagariro evanhu nenzvimbo.
Nhamba dzekufungidzira: kubva pamuenzaniso kusvika pahuwandu hwevanhu
Kana nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzichida kuwana mhedziso yakakura kubva padata ravanounganidza, dzinoshandisa nhamba dzekufungidzira. Iyi nzira inobatsira zvikuru kana tsvakurudzo ichishandisa mienzaniso uye ichivavarira kunzwisisa huwandu hwevanhu vakawanda.
Mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo inogona kupindurwa nenhamba dzekufungidzira:
- Pane mutsauko mukuru here pakuwana rubatsiro rwehutano pakati pemapoka maviri aya emadzinza?
- Hukama huripo pakati pedzidzo nemafungiro evanhu panyaya yekuroorana kwevanhu nenzira yechivanhu hwakasimba zvakadii?
- Chii chinonyanya kukanganisa sarudzo dzekutama: basa, mhuri, kana dzidzo?
Nzira dzinoshandiswa kazhinji dzinosanganisira t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, correlation, uye regression. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwadzo kunofanirwa kugadziriswa kuti kuenderane nekugadzirwa kwetsvakiridzo, rudzi rwedata, uye mamiriro ezvemagariro evanhu ari kudzidzwa.
Anthropology yezvebhayoloji nenhamba
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu nezvehupenyu hwevanhu, nhamba dzakakosha zvikuru nekuti ruzivo rwakawanda runoyerwa (semuenzaniso, kureba, huremu, chiyero chehuremu hwemuviri, saizi yedehenya muzvidzidzo zvepaleoanthropological, kana data remajini evanhu). Nhamba dzinobatsira kuongorora kusiyana kwehupenyu hwevanhu, kunzwisisa kugadzirisa nharaunda, uye kutevera shanduko nekufamba kwenguva.
Muenzaniso wekushandiswa kwayo kudzidza nezvekukura kwemwana munharaunda yakati. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinogona kuenzanisa kukura kwemwana nezvimwe zvinodiwa vobva vaongorora zvinhu zvakaita sekudya, kuwana hutsanana, kana basa remhuri ringave rine chekuita nekudya kunovaka muviri.
Anthropology yetsika nemagariro evanhu: nhamba dzinosangana nezvinorehwa
Mukudzidza nezvetsika nemagariro evanhu, dambudziko nderekuona kuti nhamba hadzirasike. Nhamba inogona kuratidza kuti tsika inoitika mumhuri dzinosvika 70%, asi haitsananguri otomatiki kuti sei tsika iyoyo ichikosha, kuti zvinorehwa sei zvinokurukurwa, kana kuti ndiani anobatsirwa uye anorasikirwa.
Saka, nhamba dzinowanzo shandiswa senzira yekudzikamisa ongororo yemhando. Semuenzaniso, kana data reongororo richiratidza kuti zvizvarwa zvechidiki hazviwanzo tora chikamu mutsika, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kutevera nekubvunzurudzwa kwakadzama kuti vaone kana izvi zvichikonzerwa nekuchinja kwetsika, kumanikidzwa kwehupfumi, kukura kwemaguta, kana shanduko musimba retsika. Nhamba dzinopa mepu yemapatani, nepo ethnography ichipa zviri mukati netsananguro.
Kuongorora masocial network uye hukama hwemhuri
Imwe nyaya iri kukura ndeyekuongorora masocial network. Anthropology yagara ichidzidza nezvehukama hwehukama uye hukama hwevanhu, asi nhamba nesainzi ye network zvinobvumira ongororo inoverengeka: ndiani anoshanda semubatsiri pakati pemapoka, kuti network yekutsigirana yakakura sei, kana kuti ruzivo runopararira sei.
Muzvidzidzo zvekutama, semuenzaniso, hukama hwehukama hunogona kutsanangura kuti sei vanhu vachisarudza guta rakati: nekuti hama dzinopa pekugara kana mukana wekuwana mabasa. Vachishandisa zviyero zve network zvakaita se centralization kana density, vanoongorora nezvevanhu vanogona kuyera maumbirwo esimba, kubatana, uye kuvimbana munharaunda.
Matambudziko netsika dzekushandisa nhamba
Kushandiswa kwenhamba mukudzidza nezvevanhu hakusi kusina matambudziko. Chekutanga, pane njodzi yekuderedzwa kwetsika: chokwadi chakapfuma chetsika chinogona kuderedzwa kuita zvinhu zvidiki. Chechipiri, pane rusaruro pakuyera: pfungwa dzakadai se "kugara zvakanaka," "chitendero," kana "kuzivikanwa" dzakaoma kuyera pasina kunyanyisa kurerutsa zvadzinoreva. Chechitatu, pane kumiririrwa uye kutorwa kwesampuli: nharaunda diki kana mapoka madiki anowanzo kuve akaoma kuratidza nhamba, saka mhedziso dzinofanira kuitwa nekungwarira.
Kubva pamaonero etsika, ruzivo rwehuwandu runogona kuzivikanwa zviri nyore kana rukasazivikanwa nemazvo, kunyanya munharaunda diki. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinofanira kuona kuti vatori vechikamu vabvumirana neruzivo, kuchengetedza zvakavanzika, uye kudzivirira kushandisa ruzivo runogona kukuvadza mamwe mapoka. Nhamba dzinogonawo kushandiswa zvisizvo kusimbisa mafungiro evanhu, saka kududzira kunofanira kuva kwakanyatsojeka uye kune mutoro.
Kubatanidzwa kwenzira: nzvimbo yepakati inobatsira
Nzira iri kuwedzera kuwanda ndeye nzira dzakasanganiswa, kusanganisa ongororo dzehuwandu nekuongorora magariro evanhu. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kutanga nekutarisa nharaunda kuti dzinzwisise mapoka emunharaunda uye dzozogadzira zvishandiso zvekuongorora zvinoratidza zviri nani mamiriro ezvinhu emunharaunda. Kusiyana neizvi, mhedzisiro yeongororo inogona kutungamira kusarudzwa kwevanopa ruzivo kuti vabvunzurudzwe zvakadzama.
Kubatanidzwa uku kunoburitsa tsvakurudzo ine simba: nhamba dzinopa kujeka kwemapatani, nepo nyaya dzichipa tsananguro uye hunhu hushoma. Kubatanidzwa kwezviviri izvi kunogonesa anthropology kutaura nevateereri vakasiyana-siyana—vadzidzisi, vagadziri vemitemo, uye nharaunda dziri kudzidzwa.
Penutup
Nhamba mu anthropology haisi yekuedza "kuverengera" tsika, asi chishandiso chekuwedzera kugona kweanthropology kuverenga hupenyu hwevanhu. Nenhamba, nyanzvi dzeanthropology dzinogona kuyedza fungidziro, kuenzanisa mapoka, kugadzira kusiyana, uye kuvaka nharo dzakasimba. Zvisinei, simba renhamba rinofanira kugara richienzana nekunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu, kufungisisa kwakakosha, uye tsika dzekutsvagisa. Pakupedzisira, kusangana kwenhamba nerevo kunopfumisa anthropology: inogona kubata ruzivo rwezvakaitika kuvanhu uku ichinyatsoona maitiro makuru anoumba nzanga.
