Nheyo dzekutanga dzeStatistics
Statistics isayenzi ine chekuita nekuunganidza, kuongorora, kududzira, kupa, uye kuronga data. Iyi dzidziso inoshandiswa kugadzirisa data muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kusainzi nebhizinesi kusvika kuhutano nesainzi yemagariro evanhu. Kunzwisisa misimboti yekutanga yenhamba kwakakosha pakuita sarudzo zvichibva padata rakarurama neruzivo. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora misimboti yakati wandei yekutanga yenhamba, kusanganisira kuunganidzwa kwedata, mhando dzedata, kuyerwa nekugadzirisa data, huwandu hwenhamba, uye kufungidzira kwenhamba.
Ruzivo rwePengumpulan
Danho rekutanga muhuwandu hwe ...
1. Ongororo neMibvunzo: Nzira iyi inosanganisira kuwana ruzivo kubva mumuenzaniso chaiwo kuburikidza nemibvunzo yakanyorwa kana yemuromo. Ongororo dzinowanzo shandiswa mukutsvaga kwevanhu, kushambadzira, uye hutano hweveruzhinji.
2. Kuedza: Mukuedza, vaongorori vanodzora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kuti vadzidze mhedzisiro yechiito kana kupindira. Kuedza kunowanzo shandiswa mukutsvagisa kwesainzi, kunyanya mune zvesainzi nemishonga.
Jenis Data
Data rinogona kurongwa zvichienderana nehunhu hwakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira:
1. Ruzivo rwehuwandu: Ruzivo runoyerwa uye runoratidzwa munhamba. Ruzivo urwu runogona kuva rwakasiyana (semuenzaniso, huwandu hwevana mumhuri) kana kuti runogona kuramba rwuchienderera mberi (semuenzaniso, kureba kwemunhu).
2. Ruzivo Rwemhando: Ruzivo rwunoratidzwa muchimiro chezvikamu kana hunhu. Ruzivo urwu runogona kuva rwezita (semuenzaniso, murume kana mukadzi) kana rwechinyakare (semuenzaniso, mwero wekugutsikana: kugutsikana zvakanyanya, kugutsikana, kusapindira, kusagutsikana, kusagutsikana zvachose).
Kuyera uye Kugadzirisa Data
Kuti uongorore data, zvakakosha kuziva chiyero chekuyera data. Kune mhando ina dzechiyero chekuyera:
1. Chikero chemazita: Zvikamu zvisina kurongeka kwakajeka. Mienzaniso: murume kana mukadzi, ruvara rwemaziso.
2. Chikero Chenguva Dzose: Zvikamu zvine kurongeka kwakajeka. Muenzaniso: danho redzidzo (chikoro chepuraimari, chikoro chepakati, chikoro chesekondari, yunivhesiti).
3. Chikero chepakati: Data renhamba rine zvikamu zvakaenzana asi pasina zero chaiyo. Muenzaniso: tembiricha mumadhigirii Celsius.
4. Chiyero cheZviyero: Data renhamba rine zvikamu zvakaenzana uye zero chaiyo. Mienzaniso: huremu, kureba.
Kugadzirisa data kunosanganisira matanho akakosha akati wandei, akadai sekugadzirisa, kunyora makodhi, uye kuverenga magwaro. Kugadzirisa kunoita kuti data rakaunganidzwa rive risina zvikanganiso. Kunyora makodhi kunopa makodhi enhamba kudata rezvikamu kuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa. Kuronga makodhi kunosanganisira kuronga data mumatafura kuti zvive nyore kududzira nekuongorora.
Hukuru hweManhamba
Mamwe manhamba anowanzoshandiswa mukuongorora data anosanganisira:
1. Avhareji: Huwandu hwedata rese hwakakamurwa nehuwandu hwemapoinzi edata. Avhareji inopa pfungwa yakajairika ye "pakati" pedata.
2. Pakati: Kukosha kwepakati kunokamura data kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana. Pakati inoshandiswa padata rakasiyana zvakanyanya kana data rine zvinhu zvakasiyana.
3. Modhi: Kukosha kunowanzoonekwa museti yedata. Modhi inonyanya kukosha kune data rezvikamu.
4. Kusiyana uye Kutsauka Kwakajairwa: Kunoyera kuti data rakapararira sei kubva paavhareji. Kutsauka Kwakajairwa ndiyo skweya root yekuchinja uye inopa chiratidzo chekuti data rakasiyana sei.
5. Range, Interquartile Range (IQR): Range ndiyo musiyano uripo pakati pemaximum ne minimum values. IQR chiyero chekupararira kwedata chinongotarisa pakati chete (kureva, pakati pemaquartiles ekutanga neechitatu).
Kuona Data
Kuratidza ruzivo muchimiro chekuona kunowanzoita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa nekuongorora. Dzimwe nzira dzakajairika dzekuona ruzivo dzinosanganisira:
1. Chati yeBhawa: Inoratidza data rezvikamu semabhawa ane urefu hwakaenzana nefrequency kana kukosha kwedata.
2. Chati yePai: Inoratidza huwandu hwedata rechikamu se'zvidimbu' zvedenderedzwa.
3. Histogram: Inoratidza kugoverwa kwedata rehuwandu muzvikamu zviri pedyo.
4. Bhokisi rePlot: Rinoratidza kugoverwa kwedata nekuteerera zviri pakati, zvikamu zvina, uye zvinhu zvisingawanikwe.
5. Scatter Plot (Scatter Diagram): Inoratidza hukama huripo pakati pezvimiro zviviri zvehuwandu.
Kufungidzira kweStatistical
Kufungidzira kwenhamba kunosanganisira kushandisa muenzaniso wedata kuti upe mhedziso kana fungidziro pamusoro pevanhu vakawanda. Zvikamu zviviri zvikuru zvekufungidzira kwenhamba ndeizvi:
1. Kufungidzira: Maitiro ekuverenga fungidziro yehuwandu hwevanhu zvichibva padata remuenzaniso. Kufungidzira kwakakamurwa kuita fungidziro yepoinzi uye fungidziro yepakati.
2. Kuedzwa kweFungidziro: Maitiro ekuyedza fungidziro kana zvinotaurwa nezvehuwandu hwevanhu. Kuedzwa kweFungidziro kunosanganisira kugadzira fungidziro dzisina maturo uye dzimwe nzira, uye kushandisa bvunzo dzehuwandu kuona kana paine humbowo hwakakwana hwekuramba fungidziro isina maturo.
Semuenzaniso, kana tichida kuziva kana avhareji yenguva yekurara yevadzidzi vekukoreji iri maawa manomwe pausiku, tinogona kutora sampuli isina kurongeka yevadzidzi toverenga avhareji yenguva yavo yekurara. Zvichibva paavhareji yemuenzaniso uyu, tinogona kuita fungidziro nezveavhareji yenguva yekurara yevadzidzi vese tichishandisa nzira dzekufungidzira uye dzekuongorora fungidziro.
Mhedziso
Nhamba dzezviverengero chishandiso chakakosha mukuongorora data, chinotibatsira kunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaoma uye kuita sarudzo dzakavakirwa pauchapupu. Nekudzidza misimboti yekutanga yenhamba, tinogona kubudirira mukuunganidza, kugadzirisa, uye kududzira data. Kuziva pfungwa dzakadai sekuunganidza data, mhando dzedata, kuyerwa nekugadzirisa data, huwandu hwenhamba, uye kufungidzira kwenhamba kunotibvumira kunzwisisa zviitiko zvakatikomberedza nenzira yakarongeka uye isina kwayakarerekera.
Munyika iri kuramba ichitongwa nedata, kugona kuongorora nekududzira data hakuna kumbonyanya kukosha kupfuura izvi. Tanga nepfungwa dzekutanga uye kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwako hwekuverenga nhamba nekufamba kwenguva, sezvo izvi zvichakupa simba rekuita sarudzo dziri nani, kungave mumabasa kana pamunhu wega.
