Kuyerwa kweCentral Tendency
Kuyera central tendency ndeimwe yepfungwa dzakakosha uye dzakakosha muhuwandu. Chinangwa chayo chiri nyore: kupfupisa seti yedata kuita kukosha kumwe chete "kunomiririra" pakati pedata. Nemamwe mashoko, central tendency inotibatsira kupindura mibvunzo yakaita sekuti: "Ndeipi typical value?", "Ndeipi nhamba iyo data iyi inowanzowira pasi?", kana kuti "Avhareji yekufungidzira chii?" Pfungwa iyi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutsvagisa, kuongorora dzidzo, kuongorora bhizinesi, hutano, uye kunyangwe kuita sarudzo dzezuva nezuva.
Kazhinji, kune zviyero zvitatu zvinonyanya kushandiswa zvepakati: avhareji (avhareji), avhareji (pakati), uye modhi (zvinowanzoitika kakawanda). Chimwe nechimwe chine nzira yaro yekuverenga, zvakanakira, uye zvisingakwanisike. Kunzwisisa nguva yekushandisa chiyero chimwe nechimwe kuchakubatsira ongororo yako kuve yakarurama uye isinganyanyi kutsausa.
1. Avhareji (Avhareji)
Avhareji ndiyo nzira inonyanya kufarirwa yekuyera central tendency. Inowanikwa nekuwedzera data values dzese wobva wagovanisa nenhamba yemapoinzi edata. Pamasvomhu, kune poindi imwe chete yedata:
\[
\bar{x} = \frac{\sum x}{n}
\]
Information:
– \(\bar{x}\) = avhareji
– \(\sum x\) = huwandu hwese hwedata kukosha
– \(n\) = huwandu hwedata
Muenzaniso: Ngatitii mamakisi ebvunzo evadzidzi vashanu ari 70, 80, 85, 90, 75. Avhareji ndeiyi:
\[
\bar{x} = \frac{70+80+85+90+75}{5} = \frac{400}{5} = 80
\]
Saka, avhareji yemapoinzi i80.
Avhareji yakawandisa
1. Shandisa ruzivo rwese kuti upe ruzivo rwakakwana.
2. Zviri nyore kuverenga nekunzwisisa.
3. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongorora kwepamusoro-soro kwakadai sekusiyana, kutsauka kwakajairwa, kudzoreredza, nezvimwewo.
miganhu yepakati
Avhareji inonyanya kunzwisiswa nezviyero zvakanyanyisa (zvisingawanzoonekwi). Semuenzaniso, kana poindi imwe chete yedata yakakura zvikuru kana kuti diki kwazvo, avhareji inogona kuchinja zvakanyanya kubva pa "yakajairika" kukosha. Semuenzaniso, funga nezve data remari inowanikwa nevanhu vatatu: mamiriyoni matatu, mamiriyoni matatu nehafu, uye mamiriyoni makumi mashanu. Avhareji yacho yakakwira, kunyangwe vanhu vazhinji vachiwana mari inosvika mamiriyoni matatu negumi nemashanu.
Saka, avhareji yakakodzera kushandiswa kana data racho rakafanana uye risina zvinhu zvarisingawanzoonekwi.
2. Pakati (Kukosha Kwepakati)
Mupakati (median) inhamba yepakati (mid-value) mushure mekunge data rarongwa kubva padiki kusvika pakuru. Kana nhamba yemapoinzi edata isina kuenzana (odd), mupakati (median) inhamba yepakati (mid-value). Kana nhamba yemapoinzi edata yakaenzana, mupakati (median) inhamba yepakati (mid-values) mbiri.
Muenzaniso (zvisinganzwisisike): Data: 2, 3, 5, 7, 9. Pakati = 5.
Muenzaniso (wakaenzana): Data: 2, 3, 5, 7. Pakati = (3 + 5) / 2 = 4.
Zvakanakira zvepakati
1. Hainyanyi kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi, saka yakagadzikana kune data "rinoonekwa" kumagumo.
2. Yakakodzera data rine kugoverwa kusina kurongeka, semuenzaniso data remari inowanikwa, mitengo yedzimba, kana nguva yekugara muchipatara.
Miganhu yepakati
Mushandisi wepakati haashandisi zvakananga ruzivo rwese nezve data values. Anongovimba nekurongeka uye chinzvimbo, kwete nehukuru hwemusiyano uripo pakati pe data. Izvi zvinoita kuti mushandisi wepakati asave neruzivo rwakawanda kana tichida kufunga nezve data rese zvizere, semuenzaniso, kune mamwe manhamba epamusoro ekuverenga.
3. Mode (Inonyanya Kuonekwa)
Iyo modhi ndiyo kukosha kunowanzoonekwa mu data set. Inobatsira zvikuru pakuziva "ma "values" anonyanya kufarirwa kana anowanikwa kakawanda.
Muenzaniso: Data: 1, 2, 2, 3, 4. Mode = 2.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, data rinogona kuva ne:
– Modhi imwe chete (unimodal): kukosha kumwe chete ndiko kunonyanya kuonekwa.
- Nzira mbiri (bimodal): kune manhamba maviri ane frequency yakakwira yakafanana.
- Nzira dzakawanda (multimodal): manhamba anopfuura maviri anowanzoonekwa kakawanda.
– Hapana modhi: kana zvese zvinoonekwa nefrequency imwe chete.
Mabhenefiti emodhi
1. Inogona kushandiswa padata remhando (semuenzaniso ruvara rwaunofarira, rudzi rwechigadzirwa chinotengeswa zvakanyanya), nepo avhareji nepakati zvisiri nguva dzose zvakakosha pamhando.
2. Zviri nyore kuwana kunyanya mukugoverwa kwema frequency.
3. Ipa ruzivo runoshanda nezve "sarudzo dzakawanda" kana "zviitiko zvinowanzoitika".
Miganhu yemodhi
Modhi iyi inogona kunge isiri yakasiyana kana kuti isiripo. Uyezve, haifungi nezvekugoverwa kwese kwedata. Maseti maviri akasiyana edata anogona kuva nemodhi imwechete, asi hunhu hwawo hwekugoverwa hwakasiyana zvikuru.
4. Tsika Yepakati muData Rakaunganidzwa
Mukuita, data rinowanzo ratidzwa muchimiro chetafura yekugoverwa kwema frequency (data rakabatanidzwa). Kuverenga central tendency kunogoneka, asi kunoda mamwe matanho.
- Avhareji yedata rakarongwa inoverengwa nekuwanda kwepakati pekirasi (pakati penguva) nefrequency yayo, wobva waipatsanura nefrequency yese.
- Muganho wedata rakabatanidzwa unoda kusarudza kirasi yepakati, kureva kirasi ine nzvimbo yepakati yedata.
- Nzira yedata rakarongwa inosarudzwa zvichibva pakirasi ine frequency yakanyanya (mode class), ipapo fungidziro inogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa fomura yemode yakarongwa.
Maitiro ekuunganidza data anobatsira kana data rakakura zvekuti rinogona kurerutswa kuita zvikamu.
5. Kusarudza Chiyero Chakakodzera Chetsika Yepakati
Hapana nzira "yakanakisisa" yekuyera maitiro epakati pamamiriro ese ezvinhu. Sarudzo inoenderana nechinangwa uye rudzi rwedata.
1. Shandisa mean kana data iri nhamba uye pasina akawanda akasiyana, uye kugoverwa kwacho kwakaenzana.
2. Shandisa nzira yepakati kana data racho riine zvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi kana kuti kugoverwa kwaro kusina kunaka, semuenzaniso data repfuma, mari inowanikwa, kana mutengo.
3. Shandisa mode kana uchida kuziva kukosha kunowanikwa kakawanda kana kuti kana data racho riri reboka.
Semuenzaniso, mumushumo we "avhareji yemuhoro", avhareji inogona kupa ruzivo rwakazara, asi avhareji inowanzoonekwa seyakanyanya kumiririra mamiriro evashandi vazhinji nekuti hainyanyi kukanganiswa nevashoma vanowana mari yakawanda.
6. Kesimpulan
Kuyera kwetsika yepakati zvishandiso zvakakosha pakupfupisa nekunzwisisa data. Avhareji inopa avhareji uchishandisa data rese, asi inonzwisisa zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki. Avhareji inopa kukosha kwepakati kunodzivirira zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti ikodzere data risingaenzaniswi. Iyo mode inoratidza kukosha kunowanzoitika uye inonyanya kubatsira padata rezvikamu kana pakuziva maitiro akajairika.
Mukuongorora kwakanaka kwenhamba, zviyero zvitatu izvi zvinowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete. Nekuenzanisa avhareji, midhiya, uye modhi, tinogona kuwana mufananidzo wakakwana wehunhu hwedata—ingave yakaenzana, kana paine zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki, uye kuti ndeapi maitiro anowanzoitika. Kunzwisisa uku kunotibatsira kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwakawanda, dzinotungamirirwa nedata.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera mibvunzo yakazara yemuenzaniso (data rimwe chete nerakabatanidzwa), maekisesaizi, uye hurukuro dzenhanho nenhanho kuti chinyorwa chive chinoshanda zvakanyanya.
