Dzidziso yeStructuralism muSociological Studies
Kuumbwa kwechimiro inzira yedzidziso yakapesvedzera zvikuru mativi akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira sociology. Dzidziso yechimiro muzvidzidzo zvesociology inowanzo batanidzwa nevanhu vakakurumbira vakaita saÉmile Durkheim, Claude Lévi-Strauss, naLouis Althusser. Nzira iyi inotarisa papfungwa yekuti nzanga netsika zvinogona kunzwisiswa kuburikidza nemaumbirwo azvo. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora pfungwa huru dzehurongwa hwechimiro, mipiro yahwo musociology, uye kushoropodzwa kwayakasangana nako.
Pfungwa Huru dzeKurongwa kweMagadzirirwo
Kuumbwa kwechimiro kwakavakirwa panzira yemitauro yakagadzirwa naFerdinand de Saussure. De Saussure akataura kuti mutauro inzira yezviratidzo zvakabatana kuburikidza nemitemo kana maumbirwo chaiwo. Mumamiriro ezvemagariro evanhu, kuumbwa kwechimiro kunoona nzanga senzira yakabatana ine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoumba chimiro chose.
Kuumbwa kweMagadzirirwo eMagariro uye Sociology
Émile Durkheim neKubatana Kwevanhu
Émile Durkheim aive mumwe wevakatanga dzidziso yekuvaka magariro evanhu. Akanyanya kutarisa pakuongorora maumbirwo evanhu kuburikidza nepfungwa yekubatana kwevanhu. Durkheim akaona mhando mbiri dzekubatana: kubatana kwemakemikari uye kubatana kweorganic. Kubatana kwemakemikari kunoitika munharaunda dzine maumbirwo evanhu akareruka, akafanana, uko vanhu vanobatanidzwa nekufanana. Kubatana kweorganic, kune rumwe rutivi, kunowanikwa munharaunda dzakaoma, dzakasiyana-siyana, uko vanhu vane mabasa akasiyana asi anotsigirana.
Pfungwa iyi yekubatana inotsanangura kuti masangano evanhu anochengetedza sei kugadzikana kwawo uye kuti mabasa emunhu mumwe nemumwe anobatsira sei mukubatana kwevanhu. Munyaya iyi, masangano evanhu anoshanda sehwaro hwekuchengetedza kugarisana uye kuvimbika kwevanhu.
Claude Lévi-Strauss uye Hunhu hweVanhu
Claude Lévi-Strauss, nyanzvi yezvevanhu ine mukurumbira, akashandisa nzira yekuvaka tsika. Akataura kuti zvinhu zvetsika zvakaita sengano, tsika, netsika zviratidzo zvemaumbirwo epasi rose mupfungwa dzemunhu. Lévi-Strauss akatanga pfungwa ye "maumbirwo" semapatani kana hukama huri pasi pezvinhu zvetsika. Akataura kuti nekunzwisisa maumbirwo aya, tinogona kunzwisisa mapatani ekufunga kwevanhu zvakazara.
Lévi-Strauss akagadzirawo nzira ye "kuongorora maumbirwo," iyo ine chinangwa chekuona maitiro akafanana mungano netsika dzakasiyana siyana. Nenzira iyi, akatsvaga kuwana maumbirwo ari pasi anotonga mafungiro evanhu pasina kuregeredza kusiyana kwetsika. Nzira iyi yakapa maonero matsva mukudzidza tsika nekusimbisa kukosha kwezvimiro zviri pasi pezviitiko zvinoonekwa zvetsika.
Louis Althusser uye Marxist Structuralism
Louis Althusser, muzivi wekuFrance, aive munhu akakosha mukubatanidza structuralism nedzidziso yeMarxist. Akatsoropodza dudziro dzechinyakare dzeMarxism dzaisimbisa Economic Determinism uye basa remunhu munhoroondo. Althusser akapa nzira yestructuralism yekunzwisisa kuti dzidziso nemagariro evanhu zvinoshanda sei kuchengetedza kutonga kwemapoka.
Sekureva kwaAlthusser, hurumende nepfungwa idzodzo zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa neboka guru kuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu aripo uye kudzora pfungwa dzevanhu. Akaunza pfungwa ye "chishandiso chepfungwa dzehurumende," chinosanganisira masangano akadai sezvikoro, vezvenhau, nemhuri, izvo zvinodzidzisa tsika dzinotonga muvanhu kubva pazera diki.
Althusser akasimbisawo kukosha kwe "chimiro" mukuongorora magariro evanhu, achiongorora kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana munharaunda zvinobatana sei uye zvinobatsira sei mukuberekazve magariro evanhu. Maitiro aya akachinja manzwisisiro atinoita simba nekusawirirana kwemapoka munharaunda.
Mupiro weKurongwa kweMagadzirirwo eMagariro muSociology
Dzidziso yeStructuralism yakaita mipiro yakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvesociology. Heano mamwe emipiro yayo mikuru:
1. Kunzwisisa Maumbirwo Emagariro Evanhu
Kuumbwa kwenzvimbo kunobatsira nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu kunzwisisa kuti maumbirwo emagariro evanhu anoumbwa uye anoshanda sei munharaunda. Nekuongorora maitiro ehukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zvemagariro evanhu, tinogona kuwana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenzira dziri shure kwekugadzikana kwenharaunda uye shanduko munharaunda.
2. Maitiro Akakwana
Kuumbwa kwezvirongwa kunopa nzira yakakwana yekuongorora zviitiko zvemagariro evanhu. Nekutarisa chimiro chose, tinogona kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvemagariro zvinobatana sei uye zvinoumba sei chokwadi chikuru chemagariro evanhu. Nzira iyi inobatsira kudzivirira maonero ekuderedza pfungwa anotarisa chete pazvikamu zvemagariro evanhu.
3. Kuongorora Tsika
Kuumbwa kwenzvimbo kwakapa mipiro mikuru mukuongorora tsika nepfungwa. Nekuziva maumbirwo ari pasi petsika, tinogona kunzwisisa mafungiro evanhu uye kuti tsika dzinokura sei. Nzira iyi inopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukudzidza nezveanthropology, mabhuku, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinodzidza nezvetsika.
4. Kutsoropodzwa Kwepfungwa
Louis Althusser nedzidziso yake yeMarxist yestructuralism inopa chishandiso chine simba chekuongorora kuti tinzwisise mashandiro anoita pfungwa dzevanhu munharaunda. Nekuziva midziyo yepfungwa yenyika, tinogona kuona kuti masangano evanhu anodzora sei pfungwa dzevanhu uye anochengetedza maumbirwo ekutonga.
Kutsoropodzwa kweMagadzirirwo Ezvinhu
Pasinei nezvakawanda zvayakaita, kurongeka kwehurongwa hwezvinhu kwakasanganawo nekutsoropodzwa kubva pamaonero akasiyana-siyana. Heano mamwe emashoko makuru anotsanangurwa:
1. Kusarudza Zvichaitika
Chimwe chezvinonyanya kutsoropodzwa panyaya yehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu ndechekuti hunowanzo nyanya kukoshesa zvinhu. Hurongwa hwemagariro evanhu hunowanzoonekwa sekuregeredza basa revanhu nerusununguko rwavo mukuumba hurongwa hwemagariro evanhu. Maitiro aya anowanzo tarisa vanhu sezvibereko zvehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu, vachiregeredza kugona kwavo kuita zvinhu vachizvitonga vochinja hurongwa ihwohwo.
2. Kushaikwa kweMaonero Enhoroondo
Kuumbwa kwezvivako kunowanzo shoropodzwa nekuda kwekusatarisa kwaro mamiriro ezvakaitika kare mukuongorora kwaro. Maitiro aya anowanzo tarisa maumbirwo seasingachinji, achiregeredza shanduko dzinochinja-chinja munhoroondo yemagariro evanhu. Kutsoropodzwa uku kunoratidza kukosha kwekubatanidza zvinhu zvenhoroondo mukuongorora kwemagariro evanhu kuti tinzwisise kuti maumbirwo emagariro evanhu anokura sei uye anochinja sei.
3. Kuoma Kwevanhu
Kuumbwa kwezvivako kwakatsoropodzwawo nekuda kwekuregeredza kuoma kwezviitiko zvevanhu nezviitiko zvemunhu. Maitiro aya anowanzo deredza chokwadi chemagariro evanhu kuita maumbirwo akareruka, achiregeredza kusiyana kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe uye zvinhu zvidiki zvekudyidzana kwevanhu.
4. Kushaikwa kwenzira dzakasiyana dzekudzidzisa mitauro yakasiyana-siyana
Kunyange zvazvo hunyanzvi hwekuvaka huchipa ruzivo rwakakosha mukuongorora magariro evanhu, kumwe kushoropodzwa ndekwekuti hahuna nzira yekubatanidza hunyanzvi hwekudzidzisa. Nzira iyi inowanzo tarisa zvinhu zvekuvaka uye inoregeredza zvinhu zvepfungwa, zvehupfumi, kana zvematongerwo enyika izvo zvakakoshawo pakunzwisisa zvizere zviitiko zvemagariro evanhu.
5. Kupfupisa Kwakawanda
Kuumbwa kwezvivako kunowanzo shoropodzwa nekuda kwenzira yayo yedzidziso isina musoro. Kumwe kuongorora kwezvivako kunowanzo kuve kure zvakanyanya nepfungwa dzechokwadi, zvichiita kuti zviome kuwana nekushandisa muongororo yezvemagariro evanhu inoshanda. Kutsoropodzwa uku kunosimbisa kukosha kwekugadzira dzidziso dzisiri dzedzidziso chete asiwo dzinoshanda pakucherechedzwa kweruzivo rwemagariro evanhu.
Mhedziso
Muzvidzidzo zvemagariro evanhu, structuralism inzira yedzidziso inopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti marongerwo emagariro evanhu anoumba uye anoronga sei nzanga. Nepfungwa dzakadai sekubatana kwevanhu, midziyo yepfungwa yenyika, uye kuongorora magariro evanhu, structuralism yakabatsira zvikuru muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvesociology.
Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakatarisanawo nekutsoropodzwa, zvichiratidza kudiwa kwekuenzana pakati pekuongorora maumbirwo enyaya nebasa revanhu, pamwe nekukosha kwekufunga nezvenhoroondo uye mativi akasiyana-siyana mukuongorora magariro evanhu. Kufanana nechero dzidziso, kuronga maumbirwo enyaya kune simba nekusava nesimba, asi kunoramba kuri chishandiso chakakosha chekuongorora mukunzwisisa kuoma kwenharaunda yevanhu.
