Sociology yevakadzi neMatambudziko evakadzi
Sociology yevakadzi inzvimbo yekudzidza inoisa ruzivo rwevakadzi senzvimbo yekutanga yekunzwisisa nzanga. Inopfuura kungo "taura nezvevakadzi," asi inoongorora kuti hukama hwevanhu, masangano evanhu, uye masimba esimba anoumba sei hupenyu hwevakadzi—uye kuti vakadzi, vanobva kwakasiyana-siyana, vanopindura sei, vanotaurirana, uye vanoshandura sei mamiriro aya. Mukukura kwayo, sociology yevakadzi yakabatana zvakanyanya nefeminism nekuti zvese zvinotanga kubva pamibvunzo mikuru: nei kusarongeka kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kuchiitika uye kuti ingagadziriswa sei.
Vakadzi sevanhu vanoongororwa nemagariro evanhu
Munhoroondo yekutanga yesainzi yemagariro evanhu, zvakaitika kuvakadzi zvaiwanzo furatirwa. Dzidziso dzakawanda dzekare dzaitaura nezvemhuri, basa, chitendero, nehurumende, asi dzaiona vakadzi sevanhu vekunze kwemhuri. Hunhu hwevakadzi hunotsoropodza rusaruro urwu nekuratidza kuti zvinoitika mumhuri—kutarisira, basa repamba, kugoverwa kwemabasa, uye kunyange mhirizhonga—inyaya yemagariro evanhu inokanganiswa netsika, mitemo yenyika, hukama hwehupfumi, uye mafungiro.
Nemamwe mashoko, "hupenyu hwemunhu ndehwezvematongerwo enyika": zvinoitika kuvakadzi zuva nezuva zvakabatana zvikuru nemagariro evanhu. Semuenzaniso, sarudzo yemukadzi yekusiya basa mushure mekusununguka inogona kuita seyakasarudzwa nemunhu, asi inowanzo kanganiswa nezororo shoma rekusununguka, kutarisirwa kwevana rinodhura, tsika dzebasa dzisina hushamwari dzemhuri, kana pfungwa yekuti vanaamai "vanofanira" kutarisa pamba.
Kunzwisisa murume kana mukadzi: chivakwa chemagariro evanhu, kwete kungoonekwa chete
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinoitwa netsika dzevakadzi ndechekusiyanisa pakati pebonde nebonde. Bonde rinowanzo reva zvinhu zvemuviri, nepo bonde riine chekuita nemabasa, zvinotarisirwa, uye hunhu hwakavakirwa munharaunda netsika. Pfungwa iyi inotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti hunhu hwakaita sekuti "vakadzi vanyoro" kana kuti "varume vanofanira kuva vakasimba uye vane pfungwa" hazvisi chokwadi chese, asi mhedzisiro yemaitiro emagariro evanhu netsika dzinoramba dzichidzokororwa kuburikidza nemhuri, dzidzo, chitendero, midhiya, uye nzvimbo yebasa.
Munzvimbo dzakawanda, zvirevo zvevakadzi nevarume zvinoumba hurongwa: hunhu hune chekuita nekuva murume hunowanzo kukosheswa kupfuura hune chekuita nekuva mukadzi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mabasa anotungamirwa nevakadzi—akadai sekuchengeta vana, dzidzo yevana vadiki, kana basa repamba—anowanzoonekwa se“kudanwa” kana “kupiwa,” pane basa rehunyanzvi rinofanirwa kuremekedzwa zvakaenzana.
Nyaya dzevakadzi: kubva pakodzero dzepamutemo kusvika pakusarongeka kwezvirongwa
Kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi isangano uye maonero anoda kuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi uye anoramba kudzvinyirirwa kwevanhukadzi. Zvisinei, kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi hakusi rudzi rumwe chete; kunosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye mazano. Mumagariro evanhukadzi, kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi kunobatsira kuronga mhando dzekusaruramisirwa kunosangana nevakadzi.
1. Kusaenzana munyika yebasa
Imwe yenyaya dzinonyanya kukurukurwa ine chekuita nekusiyana kwemihoro, mikana yekukwidziridzwa pabasa, uye basa. Vakadzi vanogona kutarisana ne "girazi denga," iro rinodzivisa mukana wekuwana zvinzvimbo zvehutungamiriri, kunyangwe vaine hunyanzvi hwakaenzana. Kune rumwe rutivi, pane chiitiko che "kunamatira pasi", apo vakadzi vanobatwa mumabasa anobhadhara mari shoma uye vanotambura kukwira padanho rezvehupfumi nekuda kwedzidzo isina kuenzana, network, uye mikana.
Uyezve, basa rekubereka vana—kuchengetedza imba, kutarisira vana, vakwegura, nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri—hariwanzoonekwa semupiro wemari, kunyangwe richitsigira kuenderera mberi kwevashandi uye kugadzikana munharaunda.
2. Kugovaniswa kwemabasa epamba nemabasa epamba
Vakadzi vazhinji vanotarisana nemutoro wakapetwa kaviri: kushanda munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji ukuwo vachiita mabasa makuru kumba. Kugovaniswa kwemabasa epamba kusina kuenzana hakusi nyaya yekubvumirana kwemhuri chete, asiwo kune chekuita netsika dzevanhurume nevanhukadzi dzinoisa vakadzi se "vatarisiri vakuru" uye varume se "vanopa mhuri." Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anogona kukonzera kuneta, kuganhurira nguva yekukura kwemunhu, uye kuwedzera kusawirirana pabasa.
3. Mhirizhonga yakavakirwa pavanhurume nevanhukadzi
Nyaya yemhirizhonga kuvakadzi—mhirizhonga yemudzimba, kushungurudzwa pabonde, kumanikidzwa kuroorana, uye kunyange mhirizhonga yedhijitari—ndiyo nyaya inokosha. Tsika dzevanhukadzi dzinoona mhirizhonga kwete sechiitiko chemunhu mumwe chete, asi seyakabatana netsika dzemadzitateguru, hukama hwemasimba, uye kudzoreredzwa kwehunhu hwekutonga.
Kuchengetedza mutemo, mabasa ekutsigira vakashungurudzwa, uye shanduko yetsika zvakakosha zvakaenzana. Vakabatwa vanowanzo tarisana nekupomerwa mhosva kwevakashungurudzwa, kushorwa munharaunda, uye zvipingamupinyi zvekusakwanisa kuwana kururamisirwa.
4. Kudzora hutano hwemuviri nehwekubereka
Kutsigira kodzero dzevakadzi kunoratidzawo kuti miviri yevakadzi inowanzova nzvimbo yekurwira nyaya dzetsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika. Kuwana dzidzo yepabonde, masevhisi ehutano hwekubereka, kudzivirira pamuviri, uye kutarisirwa kwevanaamai inyaya dzakakosha. Munzvimbo zhinji, sarudzo dzekubereka hadzisi mumaoko evakadzi zvizere nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kubva kumhuri, tsika dzechitendero, kana mitemo yenyika.
5. Kumiririrwa kwevezvenhau uye mwero wekunaka
Midhiya yakawanda uye midhiya yemagariro evanhu inoita basa guru mukuumba mifananidzo yevakadzi. Mitemo yekunaka isina kunaka inogona kukurudzira kusatarisa zvakanaka pamiviri yavo, kukonzera kushushikana kwepfungwa, uye kusimbisa pfungwa yekuti kukosha kwevakadzi kuri kunyanya pakuonekwa kwavo. Sociology yevakadzi inoongorora kuti indasitiri yekushambadzira, tsika dzakakurumbira, uye maalgorithms edhijitari anogona sei kudzokorora mafungiro evanhurume nevanhukadzi—ukuwo ichivhura mikana yekuramba kuburikidza nemakampeni ekuzivisa vanhu nezvepabonde uye kutsigira nharaunda.
Kubatana kwezvikamu: vakadzi havana kufanana
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha mukuchengetedzwa kwemadzimai kwemazuva ano ipfungwa yekuwirirana, pfungwa yekuti zvinoitika kuvakadzi zvinopesvedzerwa nekusangana kwehunhu nezvimwe zvimiro zvemagariro zvakaita sekirasi, dzinza, dzinza, chitendero, kuremara, zera, uye mafungiro epabonde. Kusarongeka kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi hakuonekwi zvakaenzana.
Semuenzaniso, vakadzi vechikamu chebasa vanogona kusangana nemihoro yakaderera uye mamiriro ekushanda asina kugadzikana, ukuwo vakadzi vechikamu chepakati vachisangana nekumanikidzwa pabasa uye mamiriro emagariro evanhu. Vakadzi vakaremara vanogona kusangana nezvipingamupinyi zvekuwana mabasa uye rusarura rwakapetwa kaviri. Vakadzi vari kumaruwa vanogona kusangana nematambudziko mashoma ehutano, dzidzo, uye mikana yehupfumi. Nemaonero akasiyana, tsika dzevakadzi dzinodzivisa kutaurwa kwakawanda uye dzinotsvaga kuziva kusiyana kwezviitiko.
Kuchinja kwemagariro evanhu: kubva pakuziva kusvika pakuva nemutemo
Maitiro evanhukadzi anopfuura kungoongorora matambudziko chete asi anofungawo nezvenzira dzekuchinja magariro evanhu. Kune nzira dzakawanda dzinotaurwa kakawanda:
- Dzidzo yakakosha uye ruzivo rwevanhurume nevanhukadzi: kusimbisa kunzwisisa kwekuenzana, kubvumirana, uye hukama hwakanaka kubva pazera diki.
– Kugadziriswa kwemitemo: zororo rekusununguka nerekurera vana, kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi vemumba, mabasa ekuchengeta vana anokwanisika, kuchengetedzwa kwemutemo wekurwisa mhirizhonga yepabonde, uye mitemo yekurwisa rusarura munzvimbo dzebasa.
– Kuchinja kwetsika dzesangano: kugadzira nzvimbo yebasa yakachengeteka isina kushungurudzwa, kujeka kwekusimudzira, uye kushanduka-shanduka kwebasa kusingarange vakadzi.
– Kusimbisa nharaunda nemasangano evanhu: kutsigira, kutsigira vanobatwa nemhosva, kubatana pakati pemapoka akasiyana, uye mishandirapamwe yeruzhinji inopikisa mafungiro asina kunaka.
Uyezve, zvakakosha kubatanidza varume sechikamu chemhinduro. Kuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi hakusi "nyaya yevakadzi" chete, asi ipurojekiti yevanhu vose. Kana mabasa epamba akaenzana, semuenzaniso, hukama hwemhuri hunogona kuvandudzika uye mikana yevakadzi yekukura kwavo inogona kuwedzera.
Matambudziko nenharo mukuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevakadzi
Kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi kunowanzo sangana nematambudziko muchimiro chekusanzwisisana—semuenzaniso, kuonekwa sekunopesana nevarume kana kunopesana netsika dzemuno. Muzvidzidzo zvemagariro evanhu, nharo dzakadaro dzinoonekwa sechikamu chekuchinja kwenharaunda: kutaurirana pakati petsika dzechinyakare, zvemazuva ano, chitendero, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi hakunawo kushoropodzwa mukati, semuenzaniso, nezvekuti ndiani anonyatsomiririrwa mubato iri, kana kuti sangano iri rinonzwisisa zvakakwana kusiyana kwemakirasi nemamiriro emunzvimbo.
Munguva yedhijitari, kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi kwawedzera simba kuburikidza nesocial media: mishandirapamwe inogona kupararira nekukurumidza, asi vari panjodzi yekusaziviswa mashoko enhema, kutambudzwa, uye mhirizhonga yepamhepo. Izvi zvinoda nzira dzakanyatsonaka dzekutsigira uye dziviriro kune vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu nevanotambudzwa.
Penutup
Ruzivo rwevanhukadzi rwunotikurudzira kunzwisisa kuti kusarongeka kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi hakusi nyaya yemunhu mumwe chete, asi kuti kunokonzerwa nehurongwa hwevanhu hwakavakwa uye hunochengetedzwa kuburikidza netsika, masangano, uye hukama hwemasimba. Kuzvitonga kwevakadzi, semaonero nemafambiro, kunopa hurongwa hwekutsoropodza kusaruramisira nekukurudzira shanduko. Nekubatanidza ongororo yezvemagariro evanhu—kusanganisira kudyidzana—tinogona kuona zvakajeka kuoma kwezviitiko zvevakadzi uye kugadzira matanho chaiwo ekuenda kunharaunda yakaenzana, yakachengeteka, uye ine hunhu kune wese munhu.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuita mazwi chiuru (nehuwandu hwemazwi chaiwo), kana kuwedzera mienzaniso yezviitiko muIndonesia, bhuku remabhuku, uye rondedzero yemabasa echikoro/koreji.
