# Nhoroondo yeKuvandudzwa kweDzidziso yeZvemagariro evanhu
Sociology, sechidzidzo chinoongorora nzanga, kudyidzana kwevanhu, uye maumbirwo evanhu, chafambira mberi zvikuru chisati chava nzvimbo yekudzidza sezvachiri nhasi. Kukura kwedzidziso yesociology kwave kuchikanganiswa kwete nekuchinja kwevanhu chete asiwo nepfungwa dzehuzivi, kufambira mberi kwesainzi, uye shanduko dzezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo yekukura kwedzidziso yesociology kubva pamazuva ayo ekutanga kusvika kunguva yemazuva ano.
## Nguva Yekutanga: Uzivi Hwemagariro Evanhu uye Pfungwa Dzisati Dzaitika Pavanhu
Pfungwa pamusoro penzanga nekudyidzana kwayo dzave dziripo kubvira kare. Vazivi vechiGiriki vakaita saPlato naAristotle vakakurukura nezvenzanga dzakanaka uye maumbirwo enzanga. Plato, mubhuku rake guru, "The Republic," akakurukura nezvenzanga yakarurama uye basa remunhu mumwe nemumwe mairi. Panguva iyi, Aristotle, mu "Politics," akaongorora marudzi akasiyana-siyana ehurumende uye zvadzinoreva kunzanga.
Gare gare, kufunga kwekare kwezvemagariro evanhu kwakamukawo mudzidziso yezvibvumirano zvevanhu yakakurudzirwa naThomas Hobbes, John Locke, naJean-Jacques Rousseau muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18. Hobbes, mubhuku rake rinonzi "Leviathan," akatsanangura mamiriro echisikigo evanhu sehondo yevanhu vose vachipesana nevanhu vose uye kudiwa kwechibvumirano chemagariro evanhu kuti pave nerugare nerunyararo. Locke naRousseau vakawedzera kuti chibvumirano chemagariro evanhu chinofanira kuvimbisa kodzero nerusununguko rwemunhu mumwe nemumwe.
## Zana remakore rechi19: Kuberekwa kweSociology seSainzi
Sociology sechikamu chakasiyana chakabuda zviri pamutemo muzana remakore rechi19. Izwi rekuti "sociology" rakatanga kuunzwa nemuzivi wekuFrance Auguste Comte. Comte, anowanzoonekwa se "Baba veSociology," akataura nezvenzira yekuona kuti vanhu vane pfungwa dzakanaka. Aitenda kuti nzira dzesainzi dzinoshandiswa musainzi dzechisikigo dzaigona kushandiswawo mukudzidza nezvenzanga. Comte akakamura kukura kwepfungwa dzevanhu muzvikamu zvitatu: zvechitendero, zvemetafizikisi, uye zvepfungwa dzakanaka. Muchikamu chekuona kuti vanhu vane pfungwa dzakanaka, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa ruzivo rwesainzi kuti vanzwisise nyika.
Panguva iyi, muGermany, Karl Marx akataura nezvedzidziso yezvezvinhu zvenhoroondo yaisimbisa kusawirirana kwevanhu mumapoka senzira huru yekuchinja kwevanhu. Mumabhuku akadai se "The Communist Manifesto" na "Das Kapital," Marx akasimbisa kuti nhoroondo yevanhu inhoroondo yekurwisana kwevanhu mumapoka pakati pevaya vane nzira dzekugadzira zvinhu neavo vasina.
Max Weber, mumwe mufungi wekuGermany, akabatsira pakudzidzisa nezvemaitiro evanhu pamwe nepfungwa yekunzwisisa. Weber akatanga nzira yekududzira tsika dzevanhu inotarisa pakunzwisisa (verstehen). Akaongororawo kuti maitiro ekunzwisisa nehutungamiriri anokanganisa sei hupenyu hwevanhu.
MuFrench Emile Durkheim akapawo mipiro mikuru neruzivo rwake pamusoro pekubatana kwevanhu munharaunda uye anomie. Mubasa rake, "The Division of Labor in Society," Durkheim akatsanangura kuti kusiyana kwebasa kunosimbisa sei kubatana kwevanhu munharaunda. Anomaly, mamiriro ezvinhu umo tsika dzevanhu dzinoparara, ipfungwa huru yaanoongorora mu "Suicide."
## Zana remakore rechi20: Kubuda kweDzidziso Dzakasiyana-siyana dzeSociological
Mukati mezana remakore rechi20, sociology yakasangana nekusiyana-siyana munzira nedzidziso. Mamwe emafungiro makuru akabuda aisanganisira structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, uye critical theory.
### Kushanda Kwemaumbirwo
Kushanda kwechimiro, kwakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya naDurkheim, kunosimbisa kukosha kwechimiro chemagariro evanhu uye basa rechikamu chimwe nechimwe chenzanga kuchengetedza kugadzikana uye kurongeka. Talcott Parsons aive munhu akakosha muchikoro ichi. Parsons akagadzira pfungwa yeAGIL (adaptation, goal attempt, integration, latency), iyo inotsanangura mabasa mana ekutanga ayo system yega yega yemagariro evanhu inofanira kuzadzisa.
### Dzidziso yeKusawirirana
Dzidziso yekukakavadzana yakatanga kubva mukufunga kwaKarl Marx uye yakasimbisa basa rekukakavadzana nekutonga munharaunda. Nyanzvi dzedzidziso yekukakavadzana dzinosanganisira Max Horkheimer naTheodor Adorno vekuFrankfurt School, avo vakagadzira dzidziso yekutsoropodza. Vakatsoropodza capitalism, indasitiri yetsika, uye kutonga kwetekinoroji. C. Wright Mills akapawo pfungwa ye "fungidziro yemagariro evanhu," iyo inobatanidza nyaya dzemunhu nedzeveruzhinji mukati mehurongwa hwekuvaka.
### Kudyidzana Kwekufananidzira
Kudyidzana kwezviratidzo kunosimbisa kukosha kwekudyidzana nezviratidzo muhupenyu hwevanhu. George Herbert Mead aive mumwe wevakatanga nzira iyi. Mead akasimbisa maitiro ekuzvigadzira kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwevanhu. Blumer, mudzidzi waMead, akagadzira pfungwa nhatu huru dzekudyidzana kwezviratidzo: chiito chakavakirwa pane zvinoreva, zvinoreva zvinovakwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwevanhu, uye zvinoreva zvinogona kuchinja kuburikidza nekududzira.
## Kuvandudzwa kweDzidziso yeMagariro Evanhu Yemazuva Ano
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, sociology yakaramba ichikura nekubuda kwedzidziso itsva dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai sedzidziso dzesystems, dzidziso dzefeminist, uye dzidziso dze postmodern.
### Dzidziso yeMasisitimu
Dzidziso yehurongwa hwezvinhu yakatangwa naNiklas Luhmann, uyo aiona nzanga senzira yakaoma ine nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinodyidzana. Aiona kutaurirana sechinhu chakakosha mukushanda kwehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu.
### Dzidziso yeMadzimai
Dzidziso yevakadzi inoratidza kusaenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi munharaunda uye inotsvaga kufumura nekugadzirisa kudzvinyirirwa kwevanhukadzi. Pfungwa dzevakadzi dzakapfumiswa nevanyori vakaita saSimone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, naJudith Butler, avo vakataura nezvenyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzvinyirirwa kwevanhukadzi kubva pamaonero akasiyana.
### Dzidziso yePostmodern
Dzidziso yePostmodern inopikisa nyaya huru dzinotonga uye maumbirwo akaomarara edzidziso yemodernism. Jean Baudrillard naMichel Foucault vatsoropodzi vaviri vakakosha vakabatsira mudzidziso yepostmodern. Semuenzaniso, Foucault yakatarisana nekuongorora hurukuro uye mashandiro anoita simba kuburikidza neruzivo nemasangano.
## Mhedziso
Kukura kwenhoroondo yedzidziso yezvemagariro evanhu kunoratidza kushanduka kwepfungwa dzevanhu mukunzwisisa isu nenharaunda dzatinogara. Kubva pauzivi hwekare hwemagariro evanhu kusvika kudzidziso dzakaoma dzemazuva ano, tsika dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakashanduka senzira inoramba ichizvivandudza zvichienderana nekuchinja kwemagariro evanhu uye nguva dzinochinja. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanoda kunzwisisa nzanga uye kutsvaga nzira dzekugadzira hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu hwakarurama uye hunoenderera mberi.
