Tekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi e5nm mumafoni
Kugadzirwa kwemafoni emhando yepamusoro mumakore gumi apfuura kwakabatana zvikuru nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji ye semiconductor. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinowanzotaurwa mukutanga kwechipset itsva "kugadzirwa kwe5nm." Izwi iri rinoreva maitiro ekugadzira machip uchishandisa tekinoroji ye lithography yakakora zvakanyanya, zvichibvumira ma transistors akawanda kuiswa munzvimbo diki ye silicon. Izvi zvakakanganisa mashandiro efoni, kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba, kunaka kwekamera yekomputa, uye kunyange kugona kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira (AI) pamudziyo. Asi "5nm" inorevei chaizvo, machip e5nm anogadzirwa sei, uye nei tekinoroji iyi ichikosha kuindasitiri yemafoni emhando yepamusoro?
Chii chinonzi 5nm Kugadzira?
"5nm" (nanometer) mumachipisi emazuva ano ichiratidzo chekugadzirwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira, kwete kungoyera chete chikamu chimwe chete, senge kureba kwegedhi retransistor. Munguva yanhasi yemachipisi, nhamba yenanometer inonzwisiswa zvakajeka sechiratidzo chekuwanda uye kufambira mberi kwenodhi yeprocess. Kana node iri diki, huwandu hwematransistor pa square millimeter hunowedzera, simba rinoshandiswa pakuita zvakafanana, uye simba rinoshandiswa pakuita zvakafanana.
Muchizvarwa che5nm, mafekitori akaita seTSMC neSamsung Foundry akagadzirisa magadzirirwo etransistor, marongero, uye matekiniki e lithography kuti aderedze maficha akakosha uye macompact interconnects. Nekuda kweizvozvo, machipisi anogona kuoma pasina kuwedzera saizi yedivha, kana kuti, saizi yedivha inogona kuchengetedzwa ukuwo simba rekugadzirisa richiwedzera.
Sei 5nm Yakakosha kuMafoni Anoshandiswa Nefoni?
Mafoni madiki zvishandiso zvine nzvimbo shoma uye zvinoderedza kupisa. Mabhatiri akaganhurirwa, kutonhora kusingashande kwakawanda, uye vashandisi vanoda mashandiro epamusoro pakutamba mitambo, kuita mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete, kurekodha vhidhiyo ine resolution yepamusoro, uye kugadzirisa AI panguva chaiyo. Iyo 5nm node ine mabhenefiti matatu makuru:
1. Kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba: Nema transistors madiki, akagadziriswa, voltage yekushandisa inogona kuderedzwa, leakage current inogona kudzorwa, uye simba pamirairo inogona kuderedzwa. Izvi zvinobatsira kuwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri.
2. Kushanda kwakawedzerwa: Kuwanda kwe transistor density kunobvumira ma CPU cores akawanda, GPU upgrades, cache yakawedzerwa, uye AI accelerators dzine simba.
3. Zvimwe zvinhu zviri muchip chimwe chete: Mabhuroko akasiyana-siyana akadai seISP (image signal processor), NPU (neural processing unit), modem, video encoder/decoder, uye security system zvinogona kubatanidzwa zviri nani.
Ndosaka machipisi e5nm achishandiswa zvakanyanya mumafoni makuru, kunyanya kuona kuti mashandiro acho anoshanda zvakanaka pasina kuita kuti mudziyo upise nekukurumidza.
Pfupiso yeMaitiro Ekugadzira Chip ye5nm
Kugadzira machipisi inzira yakareba uye yakaoma, inoda zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinodhura mabhiriyoni emadhora. Kazhinji, chipisi ye5nm inogadzirwa kuburikidza nematanho anotevera:
1. Kugadzira nekugadzira marongerwo edunhu
Makambani ekugadzira machip (akadai seApple, Qualcomm, MediaTek, kana Samsung System LSI) anogadzira magadzirirwo eCPU, GPU, NPU, modem, nezvimwe zvikamu. Magadzirirwo aya anozoshandurwa kuita magadzirirwo chaiwo akagadzirira kugadzirwa, ane nzira dzekubatanidza uye simbi dzakatarwa.
2. Kugadzira silicon wafer
Wafer idhisiki hombe yesilicon yakachena (inowanzoita 300 mm). Pamusoro payo pakakweshwa kusvika panyatsotsvedzerera, sezvo chero kusakwana kunogona kukanganisa chigadzirwa chekupedzisira.
3. Kuisa uye kuputira (kuisa firimu rakatetepa)
Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana (ma oxides, nitrides, simbi) zvinowedzerwa muzvikamu zvitete kwazvo. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine basa racho, senge insulator, conductor, kana shield.
4. Kudhirowa kwemifananidzo
Iri ndiro danho guru rinowanzobatanidzwa ne "nm." Mapatani edunhu anoiswa pamusoro pewafer achishandisa chiedza kuburikidza nemasiki. Pa5nm, indasitiri iri kuramba ichivimba neEUV (Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography) kune mamwe ma layers akakosha, sezvo mawavelength mapfupi eEUV achibvumira kudhinda mapatani akawandisa kupfuura DUV lithography yakajairika.
5. Kucheka uye kuiswa kwemaion
Kana patani yacho yagadzirwa pa photoresist, nzvimbo dzakati dzinochekwa kuti pave nechimiro. Kuiswa kweion kunoshandiswa "kupinza" silicon, zvichigadzira nzvimbo dze p- ne n-phase mu transistor kuti dzidzore magetsi.
6. Kugadzirwa kwematransistors nekubatana
Pa5nm node, matransistors anowanzo shandisa tekinoroji yeFinFET (fin field-effect transistor). Maumbirwo e "fin" anovandudza kudzora gedhi pamusoro pechiteshi, zvichibatsira kuderedza kubuda kwemvura uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka.
7. Metrology nekuongorora
Mukati memaitiro ese aya, kuyerwa kwakasimba uye kuongororwa kunoitwa uchishandisa zvishandiso zvine hungwaru hwepamusoro kuona kuti zviyero zvinosangana nezvinodiwa. Pachikero chenanometer, kunyangwe kutsauka kudiki kunogona kuderedza goho (chikamu chemachipisi akabudirira).
8. Kucheka, kurongedza, uye kuyedza
Wafer inochekwa kuita madhiri (machipisi ega ega) yozobatanidzwa kuita pakeji. Kune mafoni, kurongedza kwepamusoro kwakadai sePoP (Package-on-Package) kana mamwe masisitimu ekubatanidza anobatsira kuchengetedza nzvimbo nekuvandudza mashandiro echiratidzo. Kuyedzwa kwebasa uye kwemhando yepamusoro kunoitwa ipapo.
Basa reEUV pa5nm Node
EUV ndeimwe yematekinoroji akakosha anoita kuti 5nm ive nyore kugadzira zvinhu zvakawanda. Pama node ekare, kudhinda mapatani madiki uchishandisa DUV kwaida matekiniki akaomarara ekugadzira mapatani akawanda—kudhinda mapatani kakawanda kune rimwe jira. Izvi zvakawedzera mutengo, nguva, uye zvakawedzera njodzi yekukanganisika.
NeEUV, mamwe machira akakosha anogona kudhindwa zvakananga, zvichideredza kuoma kwemaitiro. Zvisinei, EUV inodhurawo zvikuru uye inonetsa: Masosi echiedza eEUV akaoma kugadzikana, magirazi anoshandisa magirazi akakosha (nekuti EUV inonyudzwa negirazi rakajairika), uye maitiro ese anoitika mu vacuum.
Mhedzisiro ye5nm paKushanda uye Ruzivo rweMushandisi
Kune vanoshandisa mafoni, 5nm haisi nhamba yekushambadza chete. Kubudirira kwayo kunogona kunzwika nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:
- Kushanda kweCPU neGPU: Mitambo inorema inogona kumhanya nemazinga akagadzikana efuremu, uye maapplication ekugadzira anopindura zviri nani.
- Kutora mifananidzo yemakombiyuta: ISP ine simba rinoita kuti HDR ikurumidze, kuderedza ruzha zviri nani, uye kugadzirisa husiku kunoshanda zviri nani.
– AI iri pamudziyo: NPU inokurumidza inoita kuti zvinhu zvakaita sekuziva kutaura, kushandura pasina internet, kusarudza mifananidzo, uye mhedzisiro yemavhidhiyo panguva chaiyo zvive nyore.
– Kushanda zvakanaka kwebhatiri: Kana simba risingashandiswi zvakanyanya, mudziyo unogona kugara kwenguva yakareba, kunyanya pamabasa akadai sekuteerera, kubhurawuza, kana kumira.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kushanda zvakanaka kwekupedzisira hakutsamiri chete pane node. Magadzirirwo (semuenzaniso, dhizaini yeCPU core), manejimendi yesimba, firmware, uye kugadzirisa masisitimu ekushanda zvakakoshawo.
Matambudziko e5nm Chip: Kupisa, Mutengo, uye Goho
Kana node iri diki, maitiro acho anova akaoma. Matambudziko akajairika pa5nm anosanganisira:
1. Kutarisira kupisa
Kushanda zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakamanikana kunogona kukonzera kupisa kwakawanda. Mafoni anoshandisa machipisi anotonhorera asingapindi, saka magadzirirwo emachipisi anofanira kushanda zvakanaka kudzivirira kupwanyika nekukurumidza.
2. Mari yekugadzira inowedzera
Michina yeEUV uye maitiro ekugadzira epamusoro zvinodhura zvikuru. Izvi zvinowedzera mitengo yewafer uye mutengo wepachipu imwe neimwe, izvo zvinowanzo kukanganisa mutengo wemidziyo mikuru.
3. Kusiyana kwezvibereko uye maitiro
Pazviyero zvidiki, kusiyana kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunowedzera kuoma kudzora. Goho rinova chinhu chakakosha: goho rakawanda, mutengo wepachipu chimwe nechimwe chinoshandiswa unoderedza.
Remangwana Mushure me5nm
Zvizvarwa mushure me5nm zvinoenda ku4nm, 3nm, zvichienda mberi, nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwematransistor uye kushanda zvakanaka. Indasitiri iyi iri kuchinjawo kubva kuFinFET kuenda kune matransistor echizvarwa chinotevera akadai seGAAFETs (Gate-All-Around FETs) pane mamwe ma node, ayo anopa kudzora kwechiteshi kuri nani. Uyezve, nzira dze "beyond shrink" dziri kuwedzera kukosha, dzakadai semachiplets, 3D stacking, uye advanced packaging yekuvandudza mashandiro kupfuura kungodzikisa ma node.
Mhedziso
Tekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi e5nm anoshandiswa mumafoni inomiririra danho guru muindasitiri yesemiconductor, ichisanganisa dhizaini yepamusoro yetransistor, maitiro emazuva ano e lithography (kusanganisira EUV), uye magadzirirwo ekugadzira akanyatsojeka. Kune vashandisi, 5nm inounza mashandiro epamusoro, kushanda nesimba kwesimba, uye kugona kweAI uye kamera yemakombiyuta kwakasimba. Pasinei nemitengo yakakura nematambudziko makuru, 5nm node ipfungwa yakakosha yekuvandudza hunyanzvi mumafoni makuru, ichigadzira nzira yezvizvarwa zvinotevera zvemaitiro madiki, anoshanda zvakanyanya.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemaitiro ekunyora enhau, maitiro esainzi, kana kuwedzera mienzaniso yemachipsets anozivikanwa e5nm pamwe nekuenzanisa kupfupi.
