Tafura yePeriodic yeElements: Nheyo yeChemistry Yemazuva Ano
Tafura yezvikamu zve periodic, inozivikanwawo se periodic system, imhando yezvikamu zvemakemikari zvakarongwa zvichienderana nenhamba yazvo yemaatomu, marongerwo emaerekitironi, uye hunhu hwemakemikari. Iyi sisitimu chishandiso chakakosha mukemistri nesainzi dzakabatana, sezvo ichipa nzira yakarongeka yekunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura nhoroondo, chimiro, uye mashandisirwo etafura ye periodic.
Nhoroondo yePeriodic Table yeElements
Nhoroondo yetafura yeperiodic yakatanga kutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, apo masayendisiti akatanga kuona kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvine hunhu hwemakemikari hwakafanana. Mumwe wevakatanga kugadzira tafura yeperiodic aive Dmitri Mendeleev, nyanzvi yemakemikari yekuRussia. Muna 1869, Mendeleev akaronga zvinhu zvaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo mutafura zvichibva pahuremu hwazvo hwemaatomu uye hunhu hwemakemikari. Chinhu chinoshamisa patafura yaMendeleev kwaive kugona kwayo kufanotaura kuvapo uye hunhu hwezvinhu zvakanga zvisati zvawanikwa. Semuenzaniso, akasiya nzvimbo dzisina chinhu dzezvinhu zvakaita segermanium, gallium, uye scandium, izvo zvakazowanikwa gare gare uye zvakaenderana zvakakwana nezvaaifungidzira.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kufambira mberi mufizikisi yeatomu kwakaita kuti tafura yeperiodic igadziriswe patsva zvichibva panhamba yeatomu (nhamba yemapurotoni ari munucleus), pfungwa yakatangwa naHenry Moseley pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Kurongeka uku kunoratidza zvakajeka hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari hwezvinhu izvi, zvichigadzirisa kusawirirana kuri mutafura yaMendeleev, senge kuiswa kwemaisotopes neargon-canon.
Chimiro cheTafura yePeriodic
Tafura yeperiodic iripo ine mitsara nemakoramu anoronga zvinhu zvichienderana nehukuru hwazvo. Mitsara yacho inonzi maperiod, uye makoramu acho anonzi mapoka kana mhuri.
1. Nguva:
Mutsara wega wega wakataramuka mutafura yeperiodhiki unomiririra nguva. Nhamba yenguva inoratidza huwandu hwemaerekitironi ane maatomu echinhu mumamiriro avo epasi. Kune nguva nomwe mutafura yeperiodhiki yemazuva ano. Zvinhu mukati menguva zvine erekitironi rakafanana, asi huwandu hwemaerekitironi muchikamu ichocho hunowedzera kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi.
2. Boka:
Makoramu akamira ari mutafura yeperiodic anonzi mapoka. Zvinhu zviri muboka zvine marongero akafanana emagetsi evalence, zvichireva kuti zvine hunhu hwemakemikari hwakafanana. Kune mapoka gumi nemasere mutafura yemazuva ano yeperiodic. Semuenzaniso, zvinhu zvese zviri muboka 1 (alkali metals) zvine reactive zvakanyanya uye zvine electron imwe chete yevalence, nepo zvinhu zviri muboka 18 (magasi akanaka) zvakagadzikana uye zvine marongero akazadzwa zvakakwana emagetsi.
Zvinhu Zvinochinja uye Lanthanides-Actinides
Pamusoro pezvinhu zvikuru, tafura yeperiodic inewo zvinhu zvekuchinja pamwe chete nelanthanides neactinides zvinoratidzwa mumitsara miviri yakasiyana pasi petafura huru kuti zvirambe zvichienderera mberi nekuratidzwa kwejometri.
1. Zvinhu Zvinochinja:
Zvinhu izvi zvinowanikwa mu d-block ye periodic table. Zvakasiyana nekuti zvine d-orbitals dziri pedyo nesimba radzo rekunze, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nemhando dzakasiyana dzemakemikari.
2. Lanthanides neActinides:
Boka iri rakaiswa parutivi pasi petafura huru nekuda kwekusakwana kwenzvimbo asi rinokosha mune akawanda mashandisirwo etekinoroji yepamusoro. Bhokisi iri rezvinhu rine zvinhu zve f-block zvine ma f-orbitals akasiyana.
Mashandisirwo ePeriodic Table
Tafura yeperiodic chishandiso chakakosha uye chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu chemistry nesainzi yezvinhu. Mamwe emabhenefiti makuru etafura iyi ndeaya:
1. Kufanotaura Kwezvinhu Zvichaitika:
Nekunzwisisa nzvimbo nemagadzirirwo emaerekitironi, masayendisiti anogona kufanotaura hunhu hwemakemikari uye hwepanyama hwezvinhu zvisati zvanyatsoongororwa.
2. Kuwanikwa kweZvinhu Zvitsva:
Mapatani ari mutafura yeperiodic anoratidza nzvimbo dzinogona kuwanikwa zvinhu zvitsva. Kusvika pari zvino, zvinhu zvese zvine manhamba eatomu anosvika 118 zvakawanikwa kana kusimbiswa, uye kutsvaga zvinhu zvepamusoro kuri kuenderera mberi.
3. Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Zvitsva:
Ruzivo rwetafura yeperiodic runoita kuti pave nezvinhu zvitsva zvine hunhu hwakakosha hwekushandisa tekinoroji yepamusoro senge mumagetsi, mishonga uye simba.
4. Basa reDzidzo:
Mumakirasi ekemesitiri pasi rose, tafura ye periodic inoshandiswa sechishandiso chikuru chekudzidzisa kubatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa pfungwa huru dzekemesitiri yakarongeka.
Remangwana reTafura yePeriodic
Kuvandudzwa uye kunatsiridzwa kwetafura yeperiodic chikamu chetsvakiridzo iri kuenderera mberi. Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvitsva uye maitiro matsva emakemikari kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera ruzivo rwakawanikwa mutafura iyi. Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji mukemistri nefizikisi, kunyanya muhunyanzvi hwekuedza uye kuona zvinhu zvinorema, hunhu hutsva hunogona kuwedzerwa patafura yeperiodic mune ramangwana.
Mhedziso
Tafura yezvikamu zveperiodic haisi tafura chete kana runyorwa rwezvinhu; imhedzisiro yenhoroondo refu yekuwanikwa kwesainzi uye hunyanzvi hwevanhu. Kushandisa misimboti yetafura yeperiodic kunotibvumira kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoumba pasi rose. Kushandiswa kwetafura yeperiodic mudzidzo, kutsvagisa, uye tekinoroji kwakaita kuti ive chimwe chezvishandiso zvakakosha musainzi yemazuva ano. Sezvo ruzivo rwedu ruchiwedzera, kunzwisisa kwedu tafura yeperiodic kunowedzerawo, zvichiratidza simba uye kuoma kwekemikari pachayo.
