Hunhu uye Pfungwa dzeAcids neBases
Kunzwisisa maasidhi nemabhesi kwave kuri chikamu chakakosha chekemistri kubvira kare. Pfungwa iyi haisi chete yakakosha muzvidzidzo zvekemikari kuchikoro asiwo inokosha mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwemaindasitiri, kurima, kwekurapa, uye kwezuva nezuva. Chinyorwa chino chichanyatsoongorora hunhu nepfungwa dzemaasidhi nemabhesi, chichipa tsananguro dzakadzama uye mashandisirwo anoverengeka anoshanda.
Tsanangudzo yeAcids neBases
Kazhinji, asidhi chinhu chinogona kuburitsa mahydrogen ions (H+) kana chanyungudutswa mumvura, nepo hwaro chiri chinhu chinogona kuburitsa mahydroxide ions (OH-) kana chanyungudutswa mumvura.
Tsanangudzo Maererano nedzidziso yeArrhenius
Dzidziso yeArrhenius ndeimwe yedzidziso dzekare dzinopa tsananguro yemaacids nemabhesi. Zvichienderana nedzidziso iyi:
– Asidhi chinhu chinoburitsa maH+ ions mumvura.
- Hwaro chinhu chinogadzira maOH-ions mumvura.
Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi ine miganhu nekuti inoshanda chete kune mhinduro dzemvura uye haitsananguri maitiro easidhi nemabhesi mune zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa.
Tsanangudzo Zvichienderana neBronsted-Lowry Theory
Kuti tikunde zvipingamupinyi zvedzidziso yeArrhenius, dzidziso yeBronsted-Lowry iripo, ichipa tsananguro yakajairika:
– Asidhi ndivo vanopa mapurotoni (H+).
- H+ ipurotoni inogamuchirika.
Tsanangudzo iyi yakakura uye inogona kushandiswa kune maitiro asingasanganisire mvura.
Tsanangudzo Maererano neLewis Theory
Imwe dzidziso inowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu maacids nemabhesi ndiyo dzidziso yaLewis. Sekureva kwaG.N. Lewis:
– Asidhi inogamuchira maerekitironi maviri.
- Hwaro imupi wemaerekitironi maviri.
Netsanangudzo iyi, tinogona kunzwisisa maitikiro easidhi sekudyidzana pakati pevanopa maerekitironi maviri nevanogamuchira, izvo zvinopa tsananguro yakazara yemaitiro emakemikari anoitika.
Hunhu hweMakemikari neAcids neBases
Assam
1. Kuravira kwekuvava: Asidhi ane kuravira kwakasiyana, kureva kuvava. Semuenzaniso, citric acid mumarimoni kana acetic acid muvhiniga.
2. PH yakaderera: Asidhi ane pH iri pasi pe7. pH yakaderera, acidity inowedzerawo kusimba.
3. Kuchinja-chinja: Asidhi inopindirana nesimbi kuti ibudise gasi rehydrogen. Semuenzaniso, kusangana kuripo pakati pehydrochloric acid (HCl) ne zinc (Zn) kunoburitsa zinc chloride (ZnCl2) negasi rehydrogen (H2).
4. Kufambiswa kwemhepo: Mhinduro dzeasidhi dzinofambisa magetsi nekuda kwekuvapo kwemaayoni anofamba zvakasununguka.
base
1. Kuravira kunovava: Mabhesi anowanzova nekunaka kunovava. Semuenzaniso, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) inonzwa ichitsvedza paganda.
2. PH Yakakwira: Mabhesi ane pH iri pamusoro pe7. pH yakakwira, alkalinity yakasimba.
3. Kuchinja-chinja: Mabhesi anoita maasidhi kuti agadzire munyu nemvura nenzira yekusagadzikana. Semuenzaniso, kusangana pakati pe sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ne hydrochloric acid (HCl) zvinogadzira sodium chloride (NaCl) nemvura (H2O).
4. Kufambiswa kwemagetsi: Zvigadziriso zvepasi zvinofambisawo magetsi nekuda kwekuvapo kwemaayoni anofamba zvakasununguka.
Zviratidzo zveAcid neBase
Chiratidzo chinhu chinoshandiswa kuona acidity kana base yemushonga. Zviratidzo zvinochinja ruvara kana zvikawedzerwa kune acid kana base. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvinowanzoshandiswa ndeizvi:
1. Litmus: Pepa dzvuku re litmus rinoshanduka kuita bhuruu kana rikaiswa mumushonga wepakutanga, uye bepa rebhuruu re litmus rinoshanduka kuita tsvuku kana rikaiswa mumushonga une acidic.
2. Phenolphthalein: Phenolphthalein haina ruvara mumhinduro dzine acidic, asi inoshanduka kuita pink mumhinduro dzakareruka.
3. Methyl orenji: Tsvuku iri mumushonga une acidic uye inoshanduka yero mumushonga wekutanga.
4. Bromthymol bhuruu: Yero mumushonga une acidic uye bhuruu mumushonga wekutanga.
chikero chepH
Chikero chepH inzira yekuyera acidity kana alkalinity yemushonga. Chikero ichi chinotangira pa0 kusvika pa14, chinoratidzwa seizvi:
– pH 0-6: Ine asidhi, pH 0 ine asidhi yakawanda.
– pH 7: Kwakarerekera.
– pH 8-14: Alkaline, pH 14 iri alkaline zvakanyanya.
Kuyerwa kwepH kunogona kuitwa uchishandisa bepa repH, iro rinochinja ruvara zvichienderana nehuwandu hwepH hwemushonga, kana kushandisa electronic pH meter, chishandiso chakanyatsojeka chekuyera pH.
Pfungwa yeKusapindirana
Kusapindirana kwemasero (neutralization) inyaya yekushanda pakati peasidhi nebhesi rinoburitsa munyu nemvura. Kuita uku kwakakosha mumabasa akawanda, kusanganisira kurapwa nemvura yakasviba uye kurapwa kwemaronda emudumbu. Muenzaniso wekuita kusapindirana kwemasero inyaya yekushanda pakati pehydrochloric acid (HCl) nesodium hydroxide (NaOH):
\[ \text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{NaCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Mashandisirwo eAcids neBases
Acids nemabhesi zvinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemazuva ese uye dzemaindasitiri:
1. Maindasitiri:
– Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) inoshandiswa mukugadzira fetereza, mabhatiri, uye sipo.
– Zvigadziko zvakaita sesodium hydroxide (NaOH) zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira sipo nepepa.
2. Mhuri:
– Acetic acid (CH3COOH) inowanikwa muvhiniga inoshandiswa sechinongedzo chekicheni.
– Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) ibhesi rinoshandiswa mukubika kuti mukanyiwa upfuure.
3. Hutano:
– Maronda anogona kurapwa uchishandisa mishonga inorwisa asidhi, iyo inowanzova alkaline, kuti ibvise acid yakawanda mudumbu.
– ganda rine pH yakanaka rakakosha pakuchengetedza kuenzana kwemabhakitiriya akanaka paganda, zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza ganda zvinowanzo gadziriswa pH.
4. Zvakatipoteredza:
– Kutarisira marara emaindasitiri kunowanzo sanganisira nzira yekudzora marara kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti marara acho haana acid yakawanda kana kuti alkaline asati aburitswa munzvimbo yaanoda.
– Kuyera pH yevhu kwakakosha mukurima kuti zvirimwa zvikure zvakanaka pa pH yakakodzera.
Mhedziso
Pfungwa yemaacids nemabhesi chikamu chakakosha chekemistri, ine mashandisirwo akawanda anoshanda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye muindasitiri. Nekunzwisisa hunhu uye maitiro emaacids nemabhesi, tinogona kushandisa ruzivo urwu kune akasiyana mashandisirwo, kubva kuhutano kusvika kuhutongi hwezvakatipoteredza. Dzidziso dzeArrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, naLewis dzinopa hurongwa hunotibatsira kunzwisisa maitiro emakemikari anosanganisira maacids nemabhesi, chimwe nechimwe chine zvakanakira zvacho. Izvi zvinotibvumira kushandisa maacids nemabhesi nekuchenjera kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira.
