Nhoroondo yeSingasari neNhaka Yayo
Singasari, inowanzozivikanwa seSinghasari Kingdom, yaive imwe yemadzimambo akakosha munhoroondo yezvitsuwa zveIndonesia, ichitamba basa guru mukukura kwetsika nezvematongerwo enyika muJava. Yakavambwa muzana remakore rechi13, umambo uhwu hwakasiya simba guru richiri kunzwika nanhasi. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo yeSingasari zvakadzama, kubva pakuvambwa kwayo kusvika pakuwa kwayo, pamwe nenhaka dzenhoroondo dzayakasiya.
Kuvambwa neKubwinya kweSingasari
Umambo hweSingasari hwakavambwa muna 1222 CE naKen Arok, munhu ane mukurumbira anozivikanwa nenhoroondo yehupenyu hwake yakazara nepfungwa dzakaipa uye zvishuwo. Ken Arok akabudirira mukuvaka umambo mushure mekukunda Tunggul Ametung, mutongi weTumapel, uye akava mambo wekutanga weSingasari, aine zita rekuti Sri Ranggah Rajasa Bhatara Sang Amurwabhumi. Nyaya iyi haifi muPararaton, gwaro rekare rinoshanda senzvimbo yakakosha yenhoroondo yaSingasari.
Pasi pehutongi hwaKen Arok nevakamutevera, Singasari akawana nguva yegoridhe. Madzimambo anozivikanwa eSingasari, kunze kwaKen Arok, anosanganisira Anusapati, Tohjaya, Wisnuwardhana, naKertanegara. Kertanegara, mambo wekupedzisira weSingasari, akatonga kubva muna 1268 kusvika 1292, aizivikanwa semutungamiriri ane chinangwa uye ane chiono. Akawedzera simba raSingasari kwete muJava chete asiwo muSumatra, Kalimantan, neBali kuburikidza nerwendo rwezvematongerwo enyika nehondo.
Mutemo waKertanegara wezvekunze wakakurumbira waive rwendo rwePamalayu Expedition muna 1275 CE, rwaive nechinangwa chekusimbisa simba raSingasari muSumatra uye kudzikamisa kutyisidzira kubva kuHumambo hweMongolia, hwaitungamirirwa naKublai Khan panguva iyoyo. Rwendo urwu rwaivewo nechinangwa chekusimbisa hukama hwakasimba hwezvematongerwo enyika nekutengeserana nemadzimambo ari muzvitsuwa izvi.
Kudonha kweSingasari
Kunyangwe yakasvika pakakwirira pasi peKertanegara, Singasari haina kugara kwenguva refu. Muna 1292, Singasari akatarisana nekurwiswa naJayakatwang, Duke weKediri akapanduka. Jayakatwang akabudirira kuuraya Kertanegara nekutora chigaro cheSingasari. Kukundwa kwaSingasari kwakagadzira nzira yekutanga kweMajapahit Empire, yakavambwa naRaden Wijaya, mukuwasha waKertanegara, nerubatsiro rwemauto eMongolia akatumwa pakutanga kunoranga Kertanegara.
Zvisaririra zveSingasari
1. Temberi yeSingasari
Tembere yeSingasari ndeimwe yenzvimbo huru dzehumambo uhwu, iri muSingosari District, Malang Regency, East Java. Yakavakwa muzana remakore rechi13 senzvimbo yekunamatira uye yekurangarira Mambo Kertanegara, zvivakwa zvetemberi iyi zvinoratidza musanganiswa wemaitiro echiJavanese, chiHindu, nechiBuddha, zvichiratidza zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu vechiSingasari. Tembere yeSingasari ine mifananidzo yakawanda inoratidza zvifananidzo zvechiHindu nechiBuddha, uye inoratidza runako rwemifananidzo yenguva yayo.
2. Tembere yeJago
Tembere yeJago inzvimbo yakakoshawo kubva kuSingasari, iri muTumpang, Malang. Yakavakwa panguva yekutonga kwaWisnuwardhana, tembere iyi inozivikanwa nemifananidzo yayo inoratidza nyaya dzeRamayana neMahabharata. Magadzirirwo ayo akasiyana, asingatevedzere maitiro etembere yechiHindu, ane chivakwa chakati sandara uye chakafara. Tembere yeJago chapupu chinyararire chekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi netsika dzeSingasari dzepamusoro-soro dzenguva iyoyo.
3. Chifananidzo chaPrajnaparamita
Chifananidzo chePrajnaparamita chifananidzo chakakurumbira chaSingasari, chinowanzonzi mwarikadzi weuchenjeri mudzidziso dzechiBuddha. Chifananidzo ichi chinofungidzirwa kuti chinoratidza Mambokadzi Ken Dedes, mudzimai waKen Arok, uyo anoremekedzwawo semunhu mutsvene. Chifananidzo ichi chinoratidza hunyanzvi hwakanaka uye hwakadzama, hunoratidza hunyanzvi hwevanyori vemifananidzo veSingasari mubasa rekuveza.
4. Hermitage yaKen Dedes
Ken Dedes Hermitage inzvimbo inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo nzvimbo yekufungisisa yaMambokadzi Ken Dedes. Iri muCandirenggo Village, Singosari, inowanzo shanyirwa nevafambi vanoda kukudza Ken Dedes semunhu wekunamata uye amai vedzinza raSingasari.
5. MaLontars Ekare
Manyoro ekare akawanda ane magwaro emuchindwe ane dzidziso dzechitendero, dzemutemo, uye dzemabhuku akawanikwa kubva munguva yeSingasari. Manyoro aya ane magwaro emuchindwe anoratidza hunyanzvi hwepamusoro pakati pevanhu veSingasari uye kukosha kwedzidzo neruzivo munguva iyoyo. Manyoro akadai sePararaton neNagarakretagama anonyora ruzivo rwakakura pamusoro penhoroondo yeSingasari, ngano, netsika.
Nhaka Yetsika yeSingasari
Nhaka yaSingasari haipfuuri zvasara zvematemberi nezvidhori; yakachinjawo tsika dzevaJava, kusanganisira tsika, mabhuku, nemutemo. Munyika yezvemitemo, pfungwa yamambo semutungamiri mukuru ane mutoro wekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vake yakava hwaro hwakakosha hwehurongwa hwehutongi hwehumambo hwevaJava hwakatevera.
Mumabhuku, nyaya dzeushingi nedzemashiripiti dzemunguva yaSingasari dzinowanzotaurwazve mumabhuku akasiyana-siyana ekare neemazuva ano echiJava. Imwe yenyaya dzakadaro inyaya yaKen Arok naKen Dedes, iyo yave ngano inopfuudzwa kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yeSingasari chikamu chakakosha chenhoroondo yezvitsuwa zveIndonesia, zvakazara nepfungwa, zvishuwo, nembiri. Pasi pevatungamiriri vayo vane hunhu, Singasari yakabudirira kuvaka umambo hune simba uye yakasiya nhaka yetsika yakanaka. Kunyangwe humambo uhwu hwakagara kwenguva pfupi uye hwakaguma nekutangwa kwaMajapahit, zvisaririra zvenguva iyi zvinoramba zviri zvakanyarara zvichipupurira hukuru hwaSingasari, zvichipesvedzera kukura kwetsika nenhoroondo yeJava nezvitsuwa zveIndonesia zvese.
Sevanhu vemazuva ano, tine basa rekuchengetedza, kuchengetedza, uye kudzidza nhaka idzi kuitira kuti zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvigone kuramba zvichiziva nekukoshesa nhoroondo yedu yakapfuma netsika. Singasari chiratidzo chekubwinya kwekare, ichitipa zvidzidzo zvinokosha pakutarisana nematambudziko epari zvino neeramangwana.
