Nhoroondo yeKubudirira kweMabhuku Epasi Rose
Mabhuku epasi rose igirazi rebudiriro yevanhu. Kuburikidza nemabhuku, tinogona kuona kuti vanhu vanonzwisisa sei hupenyu, vanogadzira tsika, vanopemberera runako, uye panguva imwe chete vanotsoropodza simba nekusaruramisira. Nhoroondo yekukura kwemabhuku epasi rose haisi yemutsara, asi inofamba kuburikidza nenguva dzakasiyana-siyana, matunhu, mitauro, netsika. Kubva munyaya dzinoimbwa dzichitenderedza moto kusvika kumabhuku emazuva ano nemabhuku edhijitari, mabhuku anoramba achichinja nekushanduka kwenharaunda. Inotevera ipfupiso yerwendo rurefu rwemabhuku epasi rose.
1. Mabhuku Ekutaura: Midzi Yekutanga
Kare kare vanhu vasati vatanga kunyora, mabhuku aivapo nemuromo. Ngano, ngano dzekusika, ngano dzemagamba, zvitsinga, nenziyo dzetsika zvaipfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kuchizvarwa. Tsika idzi dzaisangova varaidzo chete, asiwo dzaive zvishandiso zvekudzidzisa tsika, tsananguro dzezviitiko zvechisikigo, kusimbisa kuzivikanwa kweboka, uye nzira yekuchengetedza nhoroondo.
Magamba akadai seIliad neOdyssey, akazonyorwa muGreece, akavakirwa mutsika dzinotaurwa nemuromo. Tsika dzakafanana dziripowo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi: nyaya dzemagriot kuWest Africa, ngano nenhetembo dzinoimbwa munyika yeMalay, uye nyaya huru muIndia dzakakura dzichiva Mahabharata neRamayana. Mabhuku anonyorwa nemuromo anoratidza nguva apo mazwi ainzwisiswa seane simba—aigona kuporesa, kutuka, kusimbisa, kana kubatanidza.
2. Kuzvarwa kweManyoro Ekare neMabhuku
Kuvandudzwa kwekunyora kwakavhura chitsauko chitsva. Nekukwanisa kurekodha, mabhuku akanga asisachavimbi zvachose nekurangarira kwevanhu vose. Mabasa ekare akatanga kuumba "mutemo" wetsika waizogara kwezviuru zvemakore.
Rimwe remabhuku ekare iEpic of Gilgamesh kubva kuMesopotamia, iro rinoongorora dingindira rekusafa, hushamwari, uye kutya rufu kwevanhu. MuIjipita yekare, magwaro akadai seBhuku reVakafa aisanganisa minamato, mantra, uye nhungamiro yemweya. MuChina, magwaro ekare akadai seShijing (Bhuku reNziyo) akabuda, aine nhetembo dzevanhu nedzedare, pamwe netsika dzeuzivi dzakapesvedzera mabhuku, akadai seConfucianism neTaoism.
Panguva iyi, muGirisi neRoma, mabhuku akabudirira: njodzi dzaAeschylus, Sophocles, naEuripides; mitambo inosetsa yaAristophanes; uye nhetembo dzakakura uye dzenziyo dzakaumba hwaro hwedzidziso yerunako rwekuMadokero. MuRoma, Virgil akanyora Aeneid, dandemutande raisanganisa ngano nenhema dzezvematongerwo enyika.
3. Mabhuku eMiddle Ages: Chitendero, Magamba, uye Rudo
Makore epakati (anenge mazana emakore echishanu kusvika kuzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu) anowanzobatanidzwa nekutonga kwechitendero, asi panguva iyi ndipo pakanga paine mabhuku akapararira mumitauro nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. MuEurope, mabasa akafuridzirwa nechiKristu akabudirira, pamwe chete nemagamba eushingi akadai saBeowulf naThe Song of Roland. Ngano dzaMambo Arthur neKnights of the Round Table dzakakonzera tsika yerudo, dzichisimbisa rudo, rukudzo, uye adventure.
Munyika yeIslam, mabhuku akaonekwa nenguva yegoridhe. Nhetembo dzechiArabhu dzakakura nesimba rekutaura, nepo Persia yakabereka vadetembi vakuru vakaita saRumi, Hafez, naFerdowsi vaine Shahnameh. Mutsika iyi, dingindira rerudo rwechienzi, kutsvaga Mwari, uye kufungisisa tsika ndizvo zvinonyanya kutaurwa. Muunganidzwa wenyaya dzeOne Thousand and One Nights unoratidzawo kukwezva kwenyaya dzakarongwa dzakapfuma muzvinhu zvinosetsa, njodzi uye fungidziro.
KuEast Asia, Japan yakagadzira mabasa makuru akadai seThe Tale of Genji (Murasaki Shikibu), inowanzonzi bhuku rekutanga pasi rose, nekuda kwekutsanangura kwaro zvakadzama nezvepfungwa nehupenyu hwedare. Tsika dzemabhuku ekuAsia dzinoratidza kuti hunyanzvi hwekurondedzera nyaya hahuna kungobva kuMadokero chete.
4. Renaissance neHumanism: Vanhu vari Pakati
Kudzoka kweRenaissance (zana remakore rechi14 kusvika rechi17) kwakaratidza kudzoka kwekufarira mabhuku ekare echiGiriki neRoma uye kuberekwa kwehumanism—maonero akaisa vanhu, kufunga, uye ruzivo rwenyika pakati pezvinhu. MuItaly, Dante akanyora Divine Comedy, Petrarch akagadzira sonnet, uye Boccaccio akanyora Decameron, iyo yaisanganisira nyaya yerudo, satire, uye kutsoropodzwa kwevanhu.
MuEngland, Shakespeare airatidza hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwemutambo weRenaissance. Mabasa ake akaratidza kuoma kwerudzi rwevanhu: chishuwo, godo, rudo, simba, uye njodzi yetsika. MuSpain, Cervantes akanyora Don Quixote, basa rinowanzoonekwa serinokosha mubhuku remazuva ano nekuda kwekutamba kwaro pakati pechokwadi nekufungidzira, pamwe nekuongorora kwaro ugamba hwerudo.
Kugadzirwa kwaGutenberg kwemichina yekudhinda kwakaita kuti kupararira kwemabhuku kukurumidze. Mabhuku akatanga kuwanikwa zviri nyore, zvishoma nezvishoma achibva pakutonga kwematare nemasangano echitendero kuenda kunzvimbo yeruzhinji.
5. Kujekeswa uye Kuberekwa kweNovel yeMazuva Ano
Muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18, Kujekeswa kwakasimbisa kufunga, sainzi, uye kutsoropodzwa kwesimba retsika. Mabhuku akava nzira yekukurukurirana kwevanhu nevezvematongerwo enyika. MuFrance, Voltaire akanyora nyaya dzepfungwa; muEngland, mabasa akadai saRobinson Crusoe (Defoe) naGulliver's Travels (Swift) akabuda, achibatanidza mafambiro ezviitiko nekutsoropodzwa kwakasimba kwenzanga.
Munguva iyi, bhuku iri rakava rudzi rwakakosha. Rakakwanisa kuratidza hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, magariro evanhu, uye shanduko yehupfumi. Rakapa mukana kune "vanhuwo zvavo", kwete hazvo magamba, uye rakaratidza zvinhu chaizvo zviri pedyo nevaverengi.
6. Rudo, Kurarama Nechokwadi, uye Kurarama Nechisikigo
Zana remakore rechi19 raive nepfungwa yekupikisa kunzwisiswa kwepfungwa. Rudo rwechivanhu rwakasimbisa manzwiro, kufungidzira, zvisikwa, uye rusununguko rwemunhu. Vanyori venhetembo vakaita saWordsworth naGoethe vakasimbisa ruzivo rwemukati nekutsvaga chinangwa chehupenyu. Munguva iyi yakaonawo kuberekwa kwemabasa eGothic neDark Fantasy akawedzera miganhu yemabhuku.
Zvisinei, kufambira mberi kwemaindasitiri nekuchinja kwemagariro evanhu zvakabereka Realism: mabhuku aida kuratidza hupenyu sezvahwaiva. Charles Dickens akasimbisa urombo hwemumaguta; Tolstoy naDostoevsky vakaongorora kuoma kwetsika nepfungwa; Balzac vakaongorora nzanga yeFrance zvakadzama. Mushure mezvo, Naturalism yakasundira realism zvakanyanya, ichisimbisa determinism—kuti vanhu vanoumbwa nezvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza, zvehupfumi, uye zvehupenyu.
7. Modernism: Kuedza muMafomu Matsva uye Kuziva
Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kwakaunza nyonganyonga huru: hondo dzepasi rose, kuparara kweumambo, kukura kwemaguta, uye dambudziko rekuzivikanwa. Chizvino-zvino chakamuka nekudaro, chichiedza chimiro nemutauro. Ngano dzakanga dzisisina kufanira kuva dzakatwasuka; nyaya dzaigona kupatsanurwa; pfungwa dzevanhu dzaigona kuyerera zvakasununguka kuburikidza nerukova rwekuziva.
James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, naFranz Kafka vakaburitsa mabasa airatidza kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu vemazuva ano. Nhetembo dzaT.S. Eliot dzakaratidza kupatsanurwa kwetsika dzakapatsanurwa. Chizvino-zvino chakaratidza kuti mabhuku haangotauri nyaya chete asiwo anobvunza mataurirwo anoitwa nyaya.
8. Mabhuku ePost-Modern neEmazuva Ano: Manzwi Akawanda, Maonero Akawanda
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, postmodernism yakabuda, ichiramba chokwadi chimwe chete uye ichiwanzotamba nenharo, kuseka, uye kufungidzira. Mabasa ePostmodern akabvunza miganhu iri pakati pechokwadi nengano, munyori nemuverengi, nhoroondo nenyaya.
Panguva imwe chete, mabhuku epasi rose ari kuramba achiwedzera kuva nepfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana. Manzwi anobva kunyika dzakatevera hukoloni ari kuwedzera, achitaura nezvenyaya dzekuzivikanwa, kushungurudzika kwevakoloni, kutama, uye kuramba tsika. Mabhuku eLatin America ari kukura kuburikidza nemashiripiti—maitiro ekutaura nyaya anobatanidza chokwadi chemagariro evanhu nezvinhu zvinoshamisa. Mabhuku eAfrica, South Asia, uye Southeast Asia ari kuramba achikurukurwa pasi rose.
Munguva ino, mabhuku akabatanawo netekinoroji: mabhuku e-e, mapuratifomu ekunyora online, uye mafomu enyaya dzinotaurirana. Kunyange hazvo midhiya ichichinja, kuda kwevanhu nyaya kunoramba kuripo: kunzwisisa isu nenyika.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwemabhuku epasi rose inhoroondo yekuchinja munzira iyo vanhu vanotaura nezvehupenyu. Kubva kungano dzinotaurwa kusvika kumabhuku emazuva ano, kubva kunhetembo dzemweya kusvika kuseka kwezvematongerwo enyika, mabhuku agara ari nzvimbo yekusangana pakati pekufungidzira nechokwadi. Anochengetedza ndangariro dzevanhu vose, anotaura kushoropodzwa, anokurudzira tsitsi, uye anovandudza mutauro. Ndosaka mabhuku epasi rose asingamboperi—anoramba achichinja sezvo vanhu vachiramba vachibvunza mibvunzo, vachirota, uye vachitsvaga zvinoreva rwendo rwebudiriro.
