Nhoroondo yeRudzi rweSumerian uye Nhaka Yayo
Hunhu hweSumerian hunoonekwa sehumwe hwehunhu hwekare uye hune simba guru munhoroondo yevanhu. Hwakakura munharaunda yeMesopotamia (Iraq yanhasi), hwakaita basa guru mukusimudzira tsika, tekinoroji, uye hurumende izvo zvichiri kutikanganisa nanhasi.
Kutanga kwehupenyu hweSumer
Rudzi rwevanhu vekuSumer rwakatanga kuoneka kuma4500 BC mumipata yeTigris neYufratesi. Dunhu iri, rinozivikanwa seMesopotamia, raipa ivhu rakaorera rakakodzera kurima. Vanhu vekuSumer vakanga vasiri ivo vega vakabudirira muMesopotamia, asi ndivo vakatanga kuvaka maguta akaomarara uye akabudirira. Kutanga kwehupenyu hwevaSumer kunoratidzwa nekuumbwa kwemaguta ekare akati wandei, akadai seEridu, Ur, Uruk, neLagash.
Maumbirwo Emagariro Evanhu Nezvematongerwo Enyika
Sumer yaizivikanwa nehurongwa hwayo hwakaoma hwemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Vaiva nehurongwa hwakajeka hwemagariro evanhu, namambo kana mutongi ari pamusoro, achiteverwa nemachinda, vatengesi, mhizha, varimi, nevaranda. Madzimambo eSumer aiwanzotsanangurwa sevamiriri vevamwari panyika, zvichiita kuti kutonga kwavo kuve kwepamutemo.
Hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hweSumerian hwaizivikanwa nemaguta akazvimirira aiwanzorwirana simba nekutonga ivhu rakaorera. Guta rimwe nerimwe remaguta aya raiva namwari waro anotsigira, zvikaita kuti pave nematemberi makuru atinoziva semaziggurat.
Chitendero neNgano
Zvitendero zvevaSumer zvainyanya kukanganiswa nengano uye boka revamwari. Vamwari ava vaitendwa kuti ndivo vaitonga hupenyu hwese, kubva pakubereka kwevhu kusvika kuzviitiko zvechisikigo zvakaita semafashamo. Vamwe vevamwari vakuru mungano dzevaSumer vanosanganisira An (mwari wedenga), Enlil (mwari wemhepo nemhepo), Inanna (mwarikadzi werudo nehondo), naEnki (mwari wemvura neuchenjeri).
VaSumerian ndivo vakatanga kugadzira imwe yetsika dzechitendero dzakarongeka uye dzine simba. Kurumbidza nekunamata vanamwari kwakanyorwa muchimiro chenziyo nenhetembo, dzakawanda dzacho dziripo muchinyorwa checuneiform pamahwendefa evhu.
Kunyora uye Dzidzo
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanikwa nevanhu vekuSumer kwaive kuumbwa kwenzira yekunyora inozivikanwa secuneiform. Runyoro urwu rwecuneiform, rwakatanga kushandiswa kuma3400 BC, rwakabvumira kurekodha nhoroondo, hutungamiriri, uye mabhuku. Kugadzira uku kwakachinja zvakanyanya kukura kwekunyora pasi rese.
Sumer aivewo nehurongwa hwedzidzo hwakakura, uko vana (kunyanya vanobva kumhuri dzakapfuma) vakadzidza kuverenga nekunyora muzvikoro zvinozivikanwa se'edubba', kana kuti dzimba dzemapiritsi. Vakadzidzawo masvomhu, nyeredzi, nemutemo, zvese izvi zvakava hwaro hwetsika dzakawanda dzakazotevera.
Kubudirira muTekinoroji neSainzi
Rudzi rwevanhu vekuSumer runozivikanwa nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvetekinoroji. Chimwe chezvinhu zvavakagadzira zvakanyanya kukosha kwaive vhiri, rakatanga kushandiswa kugadzira ivhu uye gare gare rekutakura. Kushandiswa kwevhu kugadzira mahwendefa ekunyorera kwaivewo chinhu chinoshamisa, zvichiita kuti ruzivo runyorerwe kekutanga munhoroondo yevanhu.
Pamusoro pezvo, vaSumerian vakagadzira nzira yakaoma yekudiridza kuti vatarisire mvura yerwizi rweTigris neYufratesi kuti vawedzere goho rekurima. Vakagadzirawo karenda yakava hwaro hwekarenda yemazuva ano uye vaiva neruzivo rwakakura rwezvenyeredzi nemasvomhu.
Unyanzvi uye Magadzirirwo Ezvivakwa
Sumer aivewo neunyanzvi nekuvaka. MaZiggurat ndiwo mienzaniso yakanakisisa yekuvaka kukuru kweSumer. Zvivakwa izvi zvinomiririra nhaka yakakura, zvichishanda sematemberi nenzvimbo dzekutonga dzemaguta makuru eSumer. Uyezve, kuveza kwavo nekuveza kwavo zvinoratidza nhanho inoshamisa yeruzivo nekururama, sezvinoonekwa muzvinhu zvakaita seWarka mask nechifananidzo chaGudea.
Mutemo neTsika
Mutemo waHammurabi unowanzoonekwa seimwe yemitemo yakanyorwa yekare pasi rose, kunyange zvazvo yakatanga muBhabhironi. Zvisinei, zvinyorwa zveSumerian zvinoratidza kuti mitemo yakanyorwa kare ingangodaro yaivepo ikoko, ichitonga zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakutengeserana kusvika pakuroorana.
Nhaka uye Simba
Simba retsika dzevaSumerian rakagara kwenguva refu mushure mekunge ivo pachavo vanyangarika kubva padanho renhoroondo. Vakakundwa nevaAkkadian kunenge muna 2334 BC, asi tsika dzavo neruzivo rwavo zvakawanda zvakatorwa nevakunda zvikachengetwa mutsika dzeBhabhironi neAsiriya dzakazotevera.
Humbowo hwenhaka iyi hunogona kuonekwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvekuchera matongo, zvakaita semahwendefa evhu ecuneiform, zvifananidzo, uye matongo ematombo eziggurats. Zvinhu izvi zvakawanikwa panguva yekuchera matongo emazuva ano munzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuchera matongo dzakadai seUruk, Ur, neNippur.
Kubudirira kwevaSumer mukurima, kutengeserana, kunyora, uye sainzi kwakaita basa guru mukukura kwetsika huru dzeMesopotamia uye, pamwe chete, muenzaniso wetsika pasi rose.
Mhedziso
Seimwe yetsika dzekare pasi rose, maSumerian akaisa hwaro hwakawanda hwehupenyu hwemazuva ano. Kuburikidza nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva mukunyora, mutemo, chitendero, uye tekinoroji, vakasiya nhaka inogara kwenguva refu kuvanhu. Kunyange zvazvo tsika yacho pachayo ingave yakanyangarika mazana emakore apfuura, simba rayo rinoonekwa muzvinhu zvakakosha zvetsika netekinoroji zvatinofarira nhasi.
Kunzwisisa nekunzwisisa tsika dzeSumerian hakungokoshi chete munhoroondo, asiwo kunopa ruzivo rwekuti vanhu vafambira mberi zvakadii uye zviratidzo zvacho zvichiri kutikurudzira nanhasi.
