Nhoroondo Yese yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga
Pendauluan
Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga, iyo yakatora kubva muna 1914 kusvika 1918, yaive imwe yehondo dzakaipa zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu. Yakabata pfungwa dzepasi rose uye yakabatanidza nyika dzakawanda, ichikonzera kukanganisa kukuru mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro evanhu, uye zvehupfumi zvepasi rose. Kurwisana uku hakuna kungochinja nzira yatinorwa nayo hondo chete asiwo kwakava nemigumisiro yakakura yakaumba zana remakore rechi20. Chinyorwa chino chichanyatsoongorora nhoroondo yakazara yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, kubva pazvikonzero zvayo uye mafambiro ehondo kusvika pamigumisiro yayo panyika.
Nhoroondo uye Zvinokonzera Hondo
Mubatanidzwa uye Rudzi
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Europe yaive nzvimbo ine masimba makuru aikwikwidzana kutonga. Mubatanidzwa weTriple Alliance—Britain, France, neRussia—wakaumba Masimba Matatu Makuru. Panguva iyi, Germany, Austria-Hungary, neItaly dzakaumba Mubatanidzwa weTriple Alliance. Kusawirirana pakati pemapoka maviri aya kwakaramba kuchikura, kuchikonzerwa nepfungwa dzerudzi dzakanyanya pakati penyika dzeEurope.
Dambudziko reBalkan
Dunhu reBalkan raive rakazara nekurwisana kwemadzinza uye hutongi hwenyika hwakasimba. Humambo hweOttoman hwakanga husina simba hwakapa mukana kunyika dzeBalkan wekukumbira kuzvitonga uye kuwedzera nzvimbo dzadzo. Dambudziko reBalkan rekutanga kwema1910 rakaita kuti hukama pakati penyika huru dzeEurope, kunyanya Austria-Hungary, iyo yaiona Serbia senjodzi.
Kupondwa kwaArchduke Franz Ferdinand
Chiitiko chikuru chakakonzera hondo iyi kwaive kupondwa kwaArchduke Franz Ferdinand weAustria-Hungary musi wa28 Chikumi 1914, muSarajevo naGavrilo Princip, mugari weSerbia aitsigira nyika. Austria-Hungary yakaona izvi semukana wekumanikidza Serbia uye yakapa mutongo wakaoma. Serbia payakaramba pfungwa dzinoverengeka dzemutongo, Austria-Hungary yakazivisa hondo neSerbia.
Nzira yeHondo
1914: Kutanga kweHondo
Austria-Hungary payakazivisa hondo neSerbia musi wa28 Chikunguru 1914, mubatanidzwa wemauto wakatanga kuumbwa. Russia, mubatsiri weSerbia, yakaunganidza mauto ayo. Germany, mubatsiri weAustria-Hungary, yakatsigira mubatanidzwa uyu nekuzivisa hondo neRussia musi wa1 Nyamavhuvhu 1914, uye yakazorwisa France musi wa3 Nyamavhuvhu 1914. Britain yakabatanidzwa mushure mekunge Germany yatyora mutemo weBelgium wekusava nedivi rayo rezvematongerwo enyika musi wa4 Nyamavhuvhu 1914.
Hondo Kumadokero: Hondo yeMugero
Hondo yeWestern Front yakakurumidza kuva hondo yemugero, mativi ese achichera migero mirefu kubva kuNorth Sea kusvika kumuganhu weSwitzerland. Mushure meHondo Yekutanga yeMarne munaGunyana 1914, mitsetse yehondo yakagadzikana pasina shanduko huru munzvimbo. Hupenyu mumigero hwaityisa, nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, makonzo, zvirwere, uye kushomeka kwezvekushandisa.
Hondo kuMabvazuva
Kumabvazuva, zvinhu zvainge zvichichinja-chinja. Russia yakatanga kubudirira pakurwisa Austria-Hungary asi yakakundwa zvakanyanya neGermany paHondo yeTannenberg neHondo yeMasurian Lakes. Izvi zvakaratidza hunyanzvi hweGermany muhondo munharaunda iyi.
1915: Hondo Inowedzera
Muna 1915, kuedza kuputsa kurwisana paWestern Front kwakakundikana, pasinei nekushandiswa kwegasi rine chepfu paHondo Yechipiri yeYpres. Eastern Front yakanga ichichinjawo, Germany neAustria-Hungary dzichitanga kutonga Russia. Panguva iyi, Italy yakanga ichangobva kubatana neAllies mushure mekubuda muTriple Alliance, zvichiita kuti hondo irambe ichienderera mberi.
Mushandirapamwe weGallipoli
MaAllies akaedza kupinda muUtoman Empire nekusvika kuGallipoli muna Kubvumbi 1915. Zvisinei, kurwisa uku kwaive kukundikana kukuru nekufa kwevanhu vakawanda uye kubuda kwacho kusina zvakwakabatsira muna Ndira 1916.
1916: Hondo Yeropa
Verdun neSomme
Gore ra1916 rakaratidzwa nehondo mbiri dzakaipa zvikuru muhondo iyi: Hondo yeVerdun neHondo yeSomme. Hondo yeVerdun yakatanga muna Kukadzi 1916 uye yakagara kwenguva yakareba yegore, maFrench achibudirira kubata nhare dzavo asi zvichidhura zvikuru kumativi ese. Hondo yeSomme yakatanga muna Chikunguru 1916, ichiedza kuputsa nyonganyonga kuMadokero asi yakazoguma nehondo dzinopfuura miriyoni imwe chete dzisina kubudirira.
1917: Kuchinja Kunochinja
Chimurenga cheRussia
Muna 1917, Chimurenga cheKukadzi chakabvisa Tsar Nicholas II weRussia ndokugumisa Romanov Empire. Hurumende itsva yechinguvana yakaedza kuenderera mberi nehondo asi yakatarisana nekusagadzikana kwemukati. Chimurenga cheKurume chakazopa maBolshevik, achitungamirwa naVladimir Lenin, uyo akasaina Chibvumirano cheBrest-Litovsk munaKurume 1918, zvichigumisa kubatanidzwa kweRussia muhondo.
Nyika dzeUnited States Dzinobatanidzwa
Kurwiswa kwepasi pemvura neGermany zvisina tsarukano pamwe neZimmerman telex, iyo yakaronga kubatana pakati peGermany neMexico neUnited States, zvakamanikidza US kuzivisa hondo neGermany musi wa6 Kubvumbi, 1917. Kusvika kwemauto eAmerica nezvinhu zvakapa rutsigiro rukuru kuAllies.
1918: Kusvika Kumagumo
KuWestern Front, Germany yakatanga Operation Kaiserschlacht kutanga kwa1918 kuti iedze kukunda mauto makuru eAmerica asati asvika. Pasinei nekubudirira kwekutanga, Spring Offensive yakazomira. Kurwisa kweAllied, kwaizivikanwa seHundred Days Offensive, kwakatanga kuparadza simba reGerman.
Mhedzisiro uye Migumisiro
Pakazosvika Mbudzi 1918, Germany yakanga yatarisana nekuputsika kwayo mudzimba nemunhandare yehondo. Mambo Wilhelm II akasiya chigaro, uye Weimar Republic yakavambwa. Armistice yakasainwa musi wa11 Mbudzi 1918, ichigumisa Hondo Yenyika I.
Chibvumirano cheVersailles
Hondo iyi yakapera zviri pamutemo neChibvumirano cheVersailles musi wa28 Chikumi 1919. Germany yakamanikidzwa kugamuchira mutoro wakazara wehondo uye kubhadhara muripo mukuru. Chibvumirano ichi chakachinja mepu yeEurope uye chakagadzira matambudziko akawanda asina kugadziriswa, zvichizopedzisira zvakonzera kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II.
Migumisiro Yezvemagariro Evanhu Nezvehupfumi
Hondo iyi yakakonzera kurasikirwa kwemamiriyoni evanhu uye yakakonzera kukuvara kusingaverengeki mumuviri nemupfungwa. Panyaya dzehupfumi, hondo iyi yakakonzera kurasikirwa kukuru uye shanduko huru muchimiro chehupfumi hwepasi rose. Yakakurudzirawo kushandiswa kwetekinoroji itsva dzehondo uye yakachinja zvachose nzira yairwiwa hondo.
Mhedziso
Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yaive hondo yakaoma uye ine zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Kubva pazvikonzero zvayo zvakavakirwa pamakwikwi ezvematongerwo enyika kusvika pakuparadza kwayo, kwakachinja nhoroondo, tinogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvehunhu hwehondo huru. Kunyangwe Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yapera kare, kukanganiswa kwayo kuchiri kunzwika nanhasi uye kunopa zvidzidzo zvakakosha kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.
