Kumuka Nokuwa kweUmambo hweRoma
Pendauluan
Kumuka kweUmambo hweRoma ndeimwe yezvikamu zvinoshamisa munhoroondo yebudiriro yevanhu. Kubva pakuva nyika diki yeItaly, Roma yakakura kuva simba guru rakatonga nyika yeMediterranean kwemazana emakore. Zvisinei, semadzimambo ese makuru, Roma yakazopedzisira yaona kuwa kwayo. Nyaya yekumuka nekudonha kweUmambo hweRoma inoratidza simba, kubwinya, uye kudzikira kuri munhoroondo yeumambo.
Kumuka kweRoma
Roma yakatanga seumambo hudiki muItaly muzana remakore rechisere BC. Sekureva kwengano, guta reRoma rakavambwa muna 753 BC naRomulus naRemus, mapatya akarerwa nemhumhi. Pakutanga, Roma yaive umambo, asi yakava republic muna 509 BC mushure mekunge vanhu vayo vabvisa mambo wavo wekupedzisira.
Nyika yeRoma yakavaka simba rayo pahurumende ine hutongi hwedemocracy kupfuura madzimambo akaipoteredza. Nekutora hurongwa hwehurumende hwakavakirwa paseneti nemusangano wevanhu, Roma yakakwanisa kutonga nzvimbo yayo zvinobudirira. Uyezve, hunyanzvi hweRoma muhondo hwakaita basa guru mukukura kwayo. Uto reRoma raive nemukurumbira nekuda kwehunhu hwaro hwepamusoro, kuronga, uye maitiro ehondo.
Muzana remakore rechitatu nerechipiri BC, Roma yakarwa Hondo dzePunic ichirwisa Carthage, iyo chete muvengi wayo mukuru muMediterranean. Mushure mekukunda kwakakurumbira, kusanganisira Hondo Yechipiri yePunic yakatungamirirwa nemukuru wemauto ane mukurumbira Hannibal, Roma yakakunda Carthage muna 146 BC uye yakazvisimbisa sesimba guru muMediterranean.
Umambo hweRoma
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakachinja munhoroondo yeRoma kwaive kuchinja kwayo kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuumambo. Muzana remakore rekutanga BC, hurumende yeRoma yakazununguswa nehondo dzevagari pamwe nekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kumuka kwevanhu vakuru vakaita saJulius Caesar, Pompey, naMarcus Antonius, uye kuurayiwa kwaJulius Caesar muna 44 BC, kwakaratidza kuguma kwehurumende.
Mushure menguva iyi yakaoma, Augustus, aimbozivikanwa saOctavian—uyo aive mutsivi waJulius Caesar—akava mambo wekutanga weRoma muna 27 BC. Izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kweUmambo hweRoma. Pasi pehutongi hwake, Roma yakava nenguva yerugare nekubudirira inozivikanwa sePax Romana, iyo yakagara kweanenge mazana maviri emakore. Munguva iyi, Umambo hweRoma hwakawedzera nzvimbo yahwo muEurope, North Africa, neMiddle East.
Pahunenge hwava pakakwirira, Umambo hweRoma hwakanga hwakakura uye hwakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumarenje eIjipita kusvika kumasango eGermania. Kubudirira kweRoma kwaisangova musimba rayo rehondo chete, asiwo mukugona kwayo kutonga nzvimbo yakakura ine tsika dzakasiyana-siyana nemitauro.
Tsika neTekinoroji
Kunze kwekukura kwayo kunoshamisa, Umambo hweRoma hunozivikanwawo nekupa kwahwo kwakakosha kubudiriro yekumadokero muminda yetsika, mutemo, uye tekinoroji. VaRoma vaiva vavaki vakuru; vakavaka migwagwa, mabhiriji, uye zvivakwa zvakanaka zvakaita seColosseum nePantheon, izvo zvichiri kutishamisa nanhasi.
Mutemo weRoma ndiwo zvakare hwaro hwemitemo yakawanda yemazuva ano. Mitemo yepamutemo yakadai sekururamisira, kuenzana, uye maitiro akakodzera yakagamuchirwa nenyika dzakawanda pasi rose. ChiLatin, mutauro unotaurwa uye unonyorwa weRoma, wakazova hwaro hwemitauro yakawanda yemazuva ano, kusanganisira chiItalian, chiSpanish, chiFrench, nechiPutukezi.
Muminda yetsika, hunyanzvi, uye uzivi, simba reRoma rakanga rakakura. Vakatora nekuvandudza tsika dzechiGiriki, vachigadzira musanganiswa wetsika dzechiGiriki nedzeRoma uyo wakazova hwaro hwebudiriro yeEurope.
Kuwa kweRoma
Zvisinei, semadzimambo ese makuru, kubwinya kweRoma kwaisava kusingaperi. Maitiro ekudonha kweRoma aive akaoma uye akaenderera mberi kwemazana emakore. Vanyori venhoroondo vanosiyana mukuongorora kwavo zvinhu zvakaita kuti Umambo hweRoma huwire pasi, asi zvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanda zvinowanzotaurwa.
Chekutanga, kurwiswa kwekunze kwakaita basa guru mukudonha kweRoma. Marudzi evatorwa akadai semaVisigoth, maVandals, nemaHuns aigara achirwisa nyika yeRoma. Muna 410 AD, Roma yakatotorwa nemaVisigoth achitungamirirwa naAlaric.
Chechipiri, zvinhu zvemukati zvakaita sehuori, matambudziko ehupfumi, uye kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika zvaive zvakakosha zvakaenzana. Kuwedzera kwemari inoshandiswa nemauto kuchengetedza miganhu mikuru yenyika kwakaisa dambudziko pamari yenyika. Kusasimba kwehutongi uye kuchinja-chinja kwemadzimambo kakawanda zvakawedzerawo kusagadzikana kwemunyika.
Chechitatu, zvinhu zvemagariro evanhu, kusanganisira kuchinja kwemamiriro emagariro evanhu uye kurasikirwa nechivimbo muhutongi hweRoma, zvinofungidzirwawo kuti ndizvo zvakakonzera kuwa. Sezvo umambo hwacho hwakakura, kutonga kwepakati kwakawedzera kuoma.
Pakupedzisira, Umambo hweRoma hwekuMadokero hwakawa muna 476 AD apo mambo wahwo wekupedzisira, Romulus Augustulus, akakundwa naOdoacer, mutungamiri wedzinza reGerman. Zvisinei, Umambo hweRoma hwekuMabvazuva, hunozivikanwawo seByzantine Empire, hwakaramba huripo kusvika pakawa Constantinople muna 1453 AD.
Mhedziso
Kumuka nekuwa kweUmambo hweRoma kunotidzidzisa zvakawanda nezvehurumende, simba, nebudiriro. Kumuka kweRoma kwakaratidza kuti simba remauto rakasimba, kutonga kwakanaka, uye kushandiswa kwemitemo kwakarurama kwaigona sei kuvaka budiriro huru. Panguva imwe chete, kuwa kwayo kwakatidzidzisa kuti hapana simba risingaperi, uye kuti zvinhu zvemukati nekunze zvinogona kushanda pamwe chete kukonzera kuwa kweumambo hukuru. Tsika dzeRoma, mutemo, netekinoroji zvinoramba zvichipesvedzera nyika yanhasi, zvichiita kuti ive chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yevanhu.
